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IntroductionThe words local and organic have become common terminology within marketing campaigns throughout the world. These terms have found a special place within the lexicon of the United States and Canada as evidenced by large displays and merchandise areas devoted to promoting the sale of local and organic foods. As such, regulations have been enacted both in the U.S. and Canada to standardize definitions of local and organic. For instance, the U.S. government defines local (or regionally produced) as “(I) the locality or region in which the final product is marketed, so that the total distance that the product is transported is less than 400 miles from the origin of the product” or ‘‘(II) the state in which the product is produced.” (H.R. 6124 2008), while many state governments have limited the term local to mean produced within state boundaries. With respect to Canada, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is in the process of changing their definition of local food, but the interim definition is similar to the U.S. definition in that it must be “produced in the province or territory in which it is sold, or ...sold across provincial borders within 50 km of the originating province or territory.” (CFIA 2013). However, as noted in a litany of previous studies, these definitions may not be appropriate in many instances (Carter-Whitney 2008; Martinez el al. 2010; Campbell, Mhlanga, and Lesschaeve 2013; Johnson, Aussenberg and Cowan 2013). Organic, on the other hand, has defined production standards that are similar across the U.S. and Canada, see Canadian General Standards Board 2011a, 2011b; United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Marketing Service 2013.
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