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1,000 or more employees. “Change has become such a way of life that 73% ofthe executives in this survey said that their organizations have gone throughtremendous transformations during the past 2 years” (p. 13).The catastrophic events of September 11, 2001 involving the World TradeCenter, the Pentagon, and airline highjacking provide previously unimaginablesupport for the impact of change on organizations. Predictions regardingfuture courses of actions, how to configure offices, and priorities concerningspending were forced to change. Struggling to survive, organizationsresponded by questioning their abilities to use information, downsizing, andreexamining how information and services are provided. For example, airlinesand travel-related industries laid off massive numbers of employees, sufferedsignificant losses, and began changing the way they conducted their business.Eastman Kodak, the world’s largest photography company, reported a 77%drop in third-quarter earnings (2001) caused by the drop in leisure travel.Weyerhaeuser, the world’s number one paper-maker, had profits fall 54% dueto less demand for magazines and catalogues (Yen, 2001). Later in this chapter,you will have the opportunity to understand systems thinking; these eventsprovide unquestionable support for the importance of considering the interdependenceof systems. In addition, consider the following changes: informationand service industries, downsizing, mergers, and globalization.Information rich industries are creating a demand for knowledge workersand transforming the world economy from a dependence on manufacturingto services and technology-based organizations (Griffin, 2005). Knowledgeworkers require continued training to keep their skills from becoming obsolete.“It has been suggested, for example, that the ‘half-life’ of a technical educationin engineering is three years” (Griffin, 2005, p. 464).Currently, more than 75% of the jobs in the United States are servicerelatedjobs accounting for well over half the United States gross domesticproduct (Colvin, 2005). Service means individuals are not engaged in makinga product but instead they are providing services ranging from medical careto fast food restaurants. The shift away from a manufacturing-based economymeans that knowledge and service work is replacing manual labor. In 1990,1 out of 5 workers were employed in manual labor. “By 2010, no more than 1in 10 workers will be engaged in making or moving things” (Boyett & Boyett,1998, p. 321).Change has not impacted all groups of workers equally. “The averagehourly wage of rank-and-file workers—a group that makes up 80% of thework force—is slightly lower than it was four years ago, once inflation is takeninto account” (Leonhardt, 2006, p. C12). Thomas, Cooper, and Blake (1999)estimate “that by the year 2020, a high-tech, well-to-do group will monopolizemore than 60% of the income earned in the United States” (p. 184) butthis group will hardly comprise the majority of workers. As an overview,“United States is in the midst of a transition from an industrial society … to
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