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Manajemen dalam masyarakat individualis adalah manajemen ofindividuals. bawahan dapat biasanya dipindahkan di sekitar individual jika diberikan insentif atau bonus, ini harus terhubung ke individu kinerja manajemen di kolektif masyarakat adalah manajemen kelompok. Sejauh kepada orang-orang yang benar-benar merasa ernotionally diintegrasikan ke dalam suatu kelompok kerja mungkin berbeda dari satu situasi lain etnis dan perbedaan in-group lainnya dalam bekerja kelompok bermain peran dalam proses integrasi, dan manajer dalam budaya kolektif akan sangat memperhatikan faktor tersebut. Ini sering membuat baik rasa untuk menempatkan orang-orang dari latar belakang etnis yang sama diprogram manajer biasanya individualistically ke dalam satu awak, meskipun mempertimbangkan ini berbahaya dan ingin melakukan yang sebaliknya. Jika kelompok berfungsi sebagai in-group emosional, insentif dan bonus harus diberikan kepada kelompok, bukan untuk individu.Dalam negara-negara dengan budaya individualis kelas menengah yang dominan, daerah pedesaan subkultur telah kadang-kadang mempertahankan kuat unsur-unsur kolektif. Sama berlaku untuk minoritas pekerja migran yang membentuk mayoritas antara tenaga kerja di beberapa industri di beberapa negara individualis. Dalam kasus tersebut konflik budaya mungkin antara manajer dan regional atau minoritas pekerja. Konflik ini menyatakan dirinya antara lain regional atau minoritas di manajemen ekstrim ragu-ragu untuk menggunakan grup insentif saya hal-hal, yang mana ini akan sesuai dengan budaya dari tenaga kerja. Management techniques and training packages have almost exclu- individualist countries, and they are based on cul sively been developed ral assumptions that may not hold in collectivist cultures. A element in the training of first-line managers is how to conduct appraisal interviews, periodic discussions in which the subordinate's performance is reviewed. These can form part of Management by objectives," but even where MBO does not exist, conducting performance appraisals and the ability to communicate bad news are considered key skills for a successful manager. In a collectivist society discussing a person's performance openly with him or her is likely to clash head-on with the society's harmony norm and may be felt by the subordinate as an unacceptable loss of face. Such societies have more subtle, indirect ways of feedback for example, by the withdrawal of a normal favor or verbally via an intermediary We know of a case in which an older relative of the poorly performing employee, also in the service of the employer, played this intermediary role. Hecommu nicated the bad news to his nephew, avoiding the loss of face that a formal appraisal interview would have provoked. For the same reason, training methods based on honest and direct sharing of feelings about other people, which have periodically been fash- ionable in the United States with labels like sensitivity training, encounter groups, or trdnsactional analysis, are unfit for use in collectivist cultures. The distinction between in-groups and out-groups that is so essential collectivist culture pattern has far-reaching consequences for busi- ness relationships, beyond those between employers and employees. It is the reason behind the cultural embarrassment of Mr. Johannesson and his Swedish superiors in Saudi Arabia, related at the beginning of this chap- ter. In individualist societies the norm is that one should treat everybody alike. In sociological jargon this is known as universalism. Preferential treat- ment of one customer over others is considered a bad business practice and unethical. In collectivist societies the reverse is true. As the distinction between"our group and"other groups is at the very root of people scon- sciousness, treating one's friends better than others is natural and ethical a sound business practice. Sociologists call this way of acting particularism. A consequence of particularist thinking is that in a collectivist society a relationship of trust should be established with another person before any business can be done. Through this relationship the other is adopted into one's in-group and is from that moment onward entitled to preferen- tial treatment In Johannesson's case this process of adoption took two years. During this period the presence of the Swedish businessman as an intermediary was essential. After the adoption had taken place it became superfluous. The relationship, however, was with Johannesson personally and not with his company To the collectivist mind only natural persons are worthy of trust, and via these persons their friends and colleagues, but not impersonal legal entities like a company in in the collectivist society personal relationship prevails over the task and should be estab- lished first, whereas in the individualist society the uask to who il over any personal relationships. The naive Western businessman tries to force quick business in a collectivist culture condemns himself to the role of out-group member and to negative discrimination. Table 3.4 lists the key differences between collectivist and individual- ist societies related to school and the workplace.Individualism, Collectivism, And The StateAlfred kraemer, an American author in the field of intercultural communication, cited the following comment In a Russian literary journal by a poet, Vladimir korotich, who had made a two-month lecturing tour of Amuniversities :erican.. .attempsts Harap audiensi Amerika ditakdirkan sebelumnya, karena dari pendengar dua puluh lima mungkin memegang satu sudut pandang, tujuh lainnya, dan delapan mungkin telah tidak ada sama sekali.Apa yang mengejutkan pembaca Barat s komentar ini tidak menggambarkan perubahan sikap siswa Amerika tapi fakta bahwa korotich yang diharapkan sebaliknya. Ia adalah jelas terbiasa dengan audiens yang diadakan sudut pandang umum, karakteristik budaya kolektif. Tabel 3.1 menunjukkan Rusia untuk Skor kolektif jauh lebih banyak daripada negara-negara Barat.Naif pengamat adegan politik dunia sering melihat hanya berbeda sistem politik, mereka tidak mengetahui pikiran berbeda-bt set populasi yang mengarah dan mempertahankan sistem yang berbeda ini. Jika sistem nilai yang umumnya dipegang bahwa kepentingan kolektif harus menang atas kepentingan individu, hal ini menyebabkan berbagai jenis negara daripada jika rasa dominan adalah bahwa kepentingan individu harus menang atas orang-orang kolektif.Dalam istilah Amerika kolektif istilah kadang-kadang digunakan untuk menggambarkan sistem politik Komunis. Negara-negara di meja 3.1 yang telah atau masih memiliki baik Komunis atau pemerintah negara kapitalis yang ditemukan pada jangka menengah dan rendah IDV, sisi kolektif. Lemah individualisme dalam perangkat lunak mental warga, semakin besar kemungkinan peran mendominasi negara dalam sistem ekonomi.Since the 1990s increasing individualism has been one of the forces leading to deregulation and reduction of public expenditures in western countries. Even public monopolies like energy provision and public transport have sometimes been privatized at the expense of their performance and reliability, for ideological rather than for pragmatic reasons which shows the power of cultural values.The capitalist invention of the joint stock company an enterproise owned by dispersed shareholders who can trade their shares at a stock exchange was created in individualist Britain and for its functioning supposes an individualist mind set among its actors in practice it is regularly threatened by particularist interests, and in a curious paradox, its supposedly free market needs strong regulation by government.On the other hand, the economic life in collectivist societies, if not dominated by government, in any case is based on collective interests. Family enterprises abound in the peoples republic of china, after the economic liberalization of the 1980’s, villages, the army, and municipal police corps started their own enterprises.Negara-negara individualis cenderung untuk menjadi kaya dan memiliki jarak daya yang lebih kecil daripada kolektif yang. Ini adalah hubungan statistik yang tidak berlaku untuk semua negara, tetapi karena ini hubungan yang tidak berlaku untuk semua negara, tetapi karena hubungan ini sangat sulit untuk memisahkan efek kekayaan, individualisme, dan jarak daya kecil pada pemerintah. Sebagai contoh, ilmuwan politik telah mengembangkan indeks kebebasan pers untuk sejumlah besar negara. Indeks ini secara signifikan berkorelasi dengan IDV tinggi dan rendah PDI, tetapi
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