The highly variable male color morphsof the guppy (Poecilia reticulata terjemahan - The highly variable male color morphsof the guppy (Poecilia reticulata Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The highly variable male color morp

The highly variable male color morphs
of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) have
been studied for more than 80 years,
and the guppy was one of the first
vertebrates in which sex-linked inheritance of color loci was demonstrated
(Winge, 1927). More recently, the
guppy has become a model organism
for studying behavioral traits such as
courtship and mate choice (Evans et
al., 2003; Magurran and Henderson,
2003), as well as for understanding
ecogeographic adaptation (Endler,
1991, 1995; Reznick, 1997).
Guppies are live-bearers, who retain their fertilized eggs within the
follicle throughout gestation (Turner,
1940; Lambert, 1970). The synchronously growing diplotene oocytes
store nutrients in oil droplets and
yolk, before their maturation and
fertilization. This developmental
program is termed lecithotrophic,
and it contrasts matrotrophic programs where nutrients are provided
by means of the maternal circulation
throughout gestation. Matrotrophy
and lecithotrophy can contribute simultaneously to embryonic nutrition
in other species of poeciliid fish
(Reznick et al., 2002). In guppies, the
interface between the embryonic
yolk portal system and the maternal
follicle allows for efficient gas exchange and waste disposal, while
maternal food provisioning does not
seem to be required after fertilization (Turner, 1940; Thibault and
Schultz, 1978).
Unfortunately, studying the early
development of live bearers is more
complicated than that of oviparous
species, due to the inaccessibility of
developing embryos for experimental
manipulation. Therefore, despite a
wealth of classic genetic studies on the
male color polymorphism found in
guppies, knowledge of both the ontogeny and the molecular mechanisms
underlying this polymorphism is virtually nonexistent.
In vertebrates, trunk neural crest
cells (NCCs), which become precursors of pigment cells, most likely start
their migratory pathways at neurula
and tail bud stages (Jacobson, 1991)
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The highly variable male color morphsof the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) havebeen studied for more than 80 years,and the guppy was one of the firstvertebrates in which sex-linked inheritance of color loci was demonstrated(Winge, 1927). More recently, theguppy has become a model organismfor studying behavioral traits such ascourtship and mate choice (Evans etal., 2003; Magurran and Henderson,2003), as well as for understandingecogeographic adaptation (Endler,1991, 1995; Reznick, 1997).Guppies are live-bearers, who retain their fertilized eggs within thefollicle throughout gestation (Turner,1940; Lambert, 1970). The synchronously growing diplotene oocytesstore nutrients in oil droplets andyolk, before their maturation andfertilization. This developmentalprogram is termed lecithotrophic,and it contrasts matrotrophic programs where nutrients are providedby means of the maternal circulationthroughout gestation. Matrotrophyand lecithotrophy can contribute simultaneously to embryonic nutritionin other species of poeciliid fish(Reznick et al., 2002). In guppies, theinterface between the embryonicyolk portal system and the maternalfollicle allows for efficient gas exchange and waste disposal, whilematernal food provisioning does notseem to be required after fertilization (Turner, 1940; Thibault andSchultz, 1978).Unfortunately, studying the earlydevelopment of live bearers is morecomplicated than that of oviparousspecies, due to the inaccessibility ofdeveloping embryos for experimentalmanipulation. Therefore, despite awealth of classic genetic studies on themale color polymorphism found inguppies, knowledge of both the ontogeny and the molecular mechanismsunderlying this polymorphism is virtually nonexistent.In vertebrates, trunk neural crestcells (NCCs), which become precursors of pigment cells, most likely starttheir migratory pathways at neurulaand tail bud stages (Jacobson, 1991)
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Morphs warna laki-laki sangat bervariasi
dari guppy (Poecilia reticulata) telah
diteliti selama lebih dari 80 tahun,
dan guppy adalah salah satu yang pertama
vertebrata di mana warisan terkait seks warna lokus ditunjukkan
(Winge, 1927). Baru-baru ini, para
guppy telah menjadi organisme model
untuk mempelajari ciri-ciri perilaku seperti
pacaran dan pilihan pasangan (Evans et
al, 2003;. Magurran dan Henderson,
2003), serta untuk memahami
adaptasi ecogeographic (Endler,
1991, 1995; Reznick ., 1997)
Guppies yang hidup-pembawa, yang mempertahankan telurnya dibuahi di dalam
folikel seluruh kehamilan (Turner,
1940; Lambert, 1970). The serempak tumbuh diplotene oosit
toko nutrisi dalam tetesan minyak dan
kuning, sebelum pematangan dan mereka
pembuahan. Perkembangan ini
program disebut lecithotrophic,
dan itu kontras program matrotrophic mana nutrisi disediakan
dengan cara sirkulasi ibu
selama kehamilan. Matrotrophy
dan lecithotrophy dapat berkontribusi secara bersamaan untuk nutrisi embrio
pada spesies lain ikan poeciliid
(Reznick et al., 2002). Dalam guppies, yang
antarmuka antara embrio
sistem portal kuning dan ibu
folikel memungkinkan untuk pertukaran gas yang efisien dan pembuangan limbah, sementara
penyediaan makanan ibu tidak
tampaknya diperlukan setelah pembuahan (Turner, 1940; Thibault dan
Schultz, 1978).
Sayangnya, mempelajari awal
pengembangan pembawa hidup lebih
rumit daripada yg menelur
spesies, karena tidak dapat diaksesnya
mengembangkan embrio untuk percobaan
manipulasi. Oleh karena itu, meskipun
kekayaan studi genetik klasik pada
polimorfisme warna laki-laki ditemukan di
guppies, pengetahuan tentang ontogeni dan mekanisme molekuler
yang mendasari polimorfisme ini hampir tidak ada.
Pada vertebrata, batang saraf puncak
sel (NCC), yang menjadi prekursor pigmen sel, kemungkinan besar mulai
jalur migrasi mereka di neurula
tahap bud dan ekor (Jacobson, 1991)
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