The consequences of the expansion o

The consequences of the expansion of computer
presence had led Simon (1977) to refer to the changes
in society due to the introduction of computers as
"the information revolution" (p. 1,186). Others (Abelson
& Hammond, 1977; Davis, 1977) refer to the "information
revolution" as comparable to the earlier Industrial
Revolution. The impact of computers upon society has
been extensive. The increasing presence of the computer
and of electronics has also led to debates and disputes,
sometimes extremely vociferous.
The impact of the computer upon man and upon
various sectors of society has caused some to rejoice
(see Sagan, 1977) and some to advise caution (see
Weizenbaum, 1976). In general, there is agreement that
the introduction of electronics and computers into
society has had and will have many consequences.
Simon (1977) sees four major areas in which the consequences
will be felt: "First, there are the economic
consequences that follow an innovation that increases
human productivity .... Second, there are consequences
for the nature of work and leisure-for the quality of
life. Third, the computer may have special consequences
for privacy and individual liberty. Fourth, there are
consequences for man's view of himself, for his picture
of the universe and of his place and goals in it" (Simon,
1977, p. 1,189).
The research was supported by a grant from the University
of Illinois Graduate College Research Board. The author wishes
to acknowledge the assistance of Patricia Cavanee and William
Ross in collecting and analyzing the experimental data. The
author's mailing address is: University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign,
Department of Psychology, 603 East Daniel, Champaign,
Illinois 61820.
Reactions to computers have spawned a vast literature
that argues both for and against their presence and
usage. The general points made in each specific context
are often repeated in numerous other contexts. In each
context, the debate is between those in favor of computers
and those against their introduction into that
specific sector. In any sector, there is the question of
the nature of the computer, and the consequences of
its presence.
In general terms, those who are against the introduction
of the computer decry its dehumanizing effects.
Often they point to the limits and boundaries of its
applicability. Weizenbaum (1976) points to the necessity
of recognizing its limitations.
In an earlier study (Wagman, Note 1), the general
literature concerned with the impact of the computer on
man and society was analyzed concisely in each of 10
sectors of society. In each sector, the contrasting viewpoints
of behavioral and social scientists advocating or
criticizing the use of computers in that sector were analyzed
with respect to their major differences. Analyses
of these major issues were presented for the following
sectors: computers and (1) society, (2) values, (3) cognition,
(4) education, (5) medicine, (6) counseling,
(7) mathematics, (8) banking, (9) politics, and (10) the
criminal justice system. Thus, in the earlier study
(Wagman, Note 1), an attempt was made to clarify and
reduce the general literature by a summary analysis of
contending viewpoints within specific sectors.
In the present article, a further clarification and
reduction is achieved by representing, insofar as feasible,
the specific contending viewpoints as sets of attitude
scale items, each set representing advocacy or criticism
of the use of computers in a specific sector of society.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Konsekuensi dari perluasan komputerkehadiran telah memimpin Simon (1977) merujuk kepada perubahandalam masyarakat karena pengenalan komputer sebagai"Revolusi informasi" (p. 1.186 jiwa). Lain-lain (Abelson& Hammond, 1977; Davis, 1977) merujuk pada "informasiRevolusi"sebagai sebanding dengan industri sebelumnyaRevolusi. Dampak dari komputer terhadap masyarakat telahtelah luas. Meningkatnya kehadiran komputerdan elektronik juga menyebabkan perdebatan dan perselisihan,kadang-kadang sangat sengit.Dampak dari komputer atas pria danberbagai sektor masyarakat telah menyebabkan beberapa bersukacita(Lihat Sagan, 1977) dan beberapa menyarankan hati-hati (LihatWeizenbaum, 1976). Secara umum, ada perjanjian yangPengenalan elektronik dan komputer kemasyarakat telah dan akan memiliki banyak konsekuensi.Simon (1977) melihat empat bidang utama di mana konsekuensiakan terasa: "pertama, ada ekonomikonsekuensi yang mengikuti sebuah inovasi yang meningkatkanproduktivitas manusia... Kedua, ada konsekuensiuntuk sifat kerja dan liburan-untuk kualitaskehidupan. Ketiga, komputer mungkin memiliki konsekuensi khususuntuk privasi dan kebebasan individu. Keempat, adakonsekuensi bagi manusia Lihat sendiri, untuk gambaralam semesta dan tempat dan tujuan di dalamnya"(Simon,1977, ms. 1,189).Penelitian ini didukung oleh hibah dari UniversitasDewan Penelitian Illinois lulusan perguruan tinggi. Penulis inginuntuk mengakui bantuan dari Patricia Cavanee dan WilliamRoss dalam mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data percobaan. TheAlamat penulis: University of Illinois di UrbanaChampaign,Jurusan psikologi, 603 Timur Daniel, ChampaignIllinois 61820.Reaksi terhadap komputer telah melahirkan sastra besaryang berpendapat kedua untuk dan melawan kehadiran mereka danpenggunaan. Poin umum yang dibuat dalam konteks tertentu setiapsering diulang dalam banyak konteks lain. Masing-masingkonteks, perdebatan adalah antara mereka mendukung komputerdan mereka melawan diperkenalkan ke dalamsektor tertentu. Dalam setiap sektor, ada pertanyaansifat komputer, dan konsekuensi darikehadirannya.Secara umum, orang-orang yang menentang pengenalankomputer mengutuk dampaknya tidak manusiawi.Sering mereka menunjukkan batas-batas dan batas-batas yangpenerapan. Weizenbaum (1976) poin akan perlunyamengakui keterbatasan.Dalam studi sebelumnya (Wagman, nota 1), UmumSastra berkaitan dengan dampak dari komputer padaLaki-laki dan masyarakat dianalisis ringkas di salah satu dari 10sektor-sektor masyarakat. Di setiap sektor, sudut pandang kontrasilmuwan sosial dan perilaku yang menganjurkan ataumengkritik penggunaan komputer di sektor itu dianalisissehubungan dengan perbedaan utama mereka. Analisisisu-isu utama ini disajikan untuk berikutsektor: komputer dan (1) masyarakat, (2) nilai-nilai, (3) kognisi,(4) pendidikan, Kedokteran (5), (6) konseling,(7) matematika, perbankan (8), politik (9), dan (10)sistem peradilan pidana. Dengan demikian, dalam studi sebelumnya(Wagman, nota 1), upaya untuk memperjelas danmengurangi literatur umum dengan analisis ringkasanbersaing sudut pandang dalam sektor tertentu.Dalam Pasal ini, klarifikasi lebih lanjut danpengurangan dicapai dengan mewakili, sejauh sebagai layak,sudut pandang bersaing tertentu sebagai set sikapskala item, masing-masing set mewakili advokasi atau kritikpenggunaan komputer di sektor tertentu masyarakat.