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9.4.3 Technique9.4.3.1 General ConsiderationsFNAB can be performed by solely using the fine needle,by applying a coaxial approach or by using a tandemtechnique. The first technique is characterizedby the straightforward puncture of the target lesion.This technique has some disadvantages, including limitedcontrollability. The coaxial technique is characterizedby a combination of two needles. A thicker,shorter needle is inserted down to the anterior edgeof the lesion. Then a thinner, longer needle is introducedthrough the first needle. Multiple samples canbe taken using the thinner needle without several punctures.If necessary, the larger needle can be pulledback and its angle changed to reach different areasof the lesion. With the tandem technique, first a singlereference needle is introduced into the lesion.Then further needles are introduced “in tandem”, i.e.,parallel to the first needle without having to guidethem separately.After the appropriate needle length has been measuredin the planning scan, preparation of the chosenentry site, and local anesthesia, the fine needleis inserted into the lesion under image control, i.e.,repeated nonenhanced short CT scans or CTF sequencestriggered by the operator. As soon as theneedle has been introduced into the lesion, the trocaris removed and a 10- or 20-ml Luer-Lok syringeis connected to the proximal end of the needle,and suction is applied. The aspirated volumeranges between 3 and 5ml for most biopsies, andshould be reduced (1–2 ml) in hypervascularized lesionsto avoid aspiration of larger amounts of blood.During application of suction, the needle is movedback and forth within the lesion for 10–15 s, or untilthe hub of the syringe becomes filled with blood.Before the needle is removed from the lesion, thesuction is stopped to avoid aspiration of further tissuepotentially confusing cytologic evaluation of thesample.In hypervascularized lesions such as in the thyroidgland, nonaspiration fine-needle biopsy can alternativelybe performed. The needle is introduced into thelesion without a syringe, and is moved back and forthseveral times.
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