 9.1 STRUCTURED CREDIT BASICSWe begin by sketching the major types of terjemahan -  9.1 STRUCTURED CREDIT BASICSWe begin by sketching the major types of Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

 9.1 STRUCTURED CREDIT BASICSWe be

 9.1 STRUCTURED CREDIT BASICS
We begin by sketching the major types of securitizations and structured credit products, sometimes collectively called portfolio credit products. These are vehicles that create bonds or credit derivatives backed by a pool of loans or other claims. This broad definition can’t do justice to the bewildering variety of structured credit products, and the equally bewildering
terminology associated with their construction.
First, let’s put structured credit products into the context of other securities based on pooled loans. Not surprisingly, this hierarchy with respect to complexity of structure corresponds roughly to the historical development of structured products that we summarized in Chapter 1:
Covered bonds are issued mainly by European banks, mainly in Germany and Denmark. In a covered bond structure, mortgage loans
are aggregated into a cover pool, by which a bond issue is secured.
The cover pool stays on the balance sheet of the bank, rather than
being sold off-balance-sheet, but is segregated from other assets of
the bank in the event the bank defaults. The pool assets would be
used to make the covered bond owners whole before they could be
applied to repay general creditors of the bank. Because the under-
lying assets remain on the issuer’s balance sheet, covered bonds are
not considered full-fledged securitizations. Also, the principal and
interest on the secured bond issue are paid out of the general cash
flows of the issuer, rather than out of the cash flows generated by
the cover pool. Finally, apart from the security of the cover pool,
the covered bonds are backed by the issuer’s obligation to pay.
Mortgage pass-through securities are true securitizations or structured
products, since the cash flows paid out by the bonds, and the credit
risk to which they are exposed, are more completely dependent on
the cash flows and credit risks generated by the pool of underlying
loans. Mortgage pass-throughs are backed by a pool of mortgage
loans, removed from the mortgage originators’ balance sheets, and
administered by a servicer, who collects principal and interest from
the underlying loans and distributes them to the bondholders. Most
pass-throughs are agency MBS, issued under an explicit or implicit
U.S. federal guarantee of the performance of the underlying loans,
so there is little default risk. But the principal and interest on the
bonds are “passed through” from the loans, so the cash flows de-
pend not only on amortization, but also voluntary prepayments by
the mortgagor. The bonds are repaid slowly over time, but at an
uncertain pace, in contrast to bullet bonds, which receive full repay-
ment of principal on one date. Bondholders are therefore exposed
to prepayment risk.
Collateralized mortgage obligations were developed partly as a means
of coping with prepayment risk, but also as a way to create both
longer- and shorter-term bonds out of a pool of mortgage loans.
Such loans amortize over time, creating cash flow streams that di-
minish over time. CMOs are “sliced,” or tranched into bonds or
Structured Credit Risk
tranches, that are paid down on a specified schedule. The simplest
structure is sequential pay, in which the tranches are ordered, with
“Class A” receiving all principal repayments from the loan until it
is retired, then “Class B,” and so on. The higher tranches in the
sequence have less prepayment risk than a pass-through, while the
lower ones bear more.
Structured credit products introduce one more innovation, namely the
sequential distribution of credit losses. Structured products are
backed by credit-risky loans or bonds. The tranching focuses on cre-
atingbondsthathavedifferentdegreesofcreditrisk.Aslossesoccur,
the tranches are gradually written down. Junior tranches are writ-
ten down first, and more senior tranches only begin to bear credit
losses once the junior tranches have been written down to zero.
This basic credit tranching feature can be combined with other
features to create, in some cases, extremely complex security struc-
tures. The bottom-up treatment of credit losses can be combined
with the sequential payment technology introduced with CMOs.
Cash flows and credit risk arising from certain constituents of the
underlying asset pool may be directed to specific bonds.
Securitization is one approach to financing pools of loans and other re-
ceivables developed over the past two decades. An important alternative
and complement to securitization are entities set up to issue asset-backed
commercial paper (ABCP) against the receivables, or against securitization
bonds themselves. We describe these in greater detail in Chapter 12.
A structured product can be thought of as a “robot” corporate entity
with a balance sheet, but no other business. In fact, structured products
are usually set up as special purpose entities (SPE) or vehicles (SPV), also
known as a trust. This arrangement is intended to legally separate the assets
and liabilities of the structured product from those of the original creditors
and of the company that manages the payments. That is, it makes the SPE
bankruptcy remote. This permits investors to focus on the credit quality of
the loans themselves rather than that of the original lenders in assessing the
credit quality of the securitization. The underlying debt instruments in the
SPV are the robot entity’s assets, and the structured credit products built on
it are its liabilities.
Securitizations are, depending on the type of underlying assets, often
generically called asset- (ABS) or mortgage-backed securities (MBS), or col-
lateralized loan obligations (CLOs). Securitizations that repackage other se-
curitizations are called collateralized debt obligations (CDOs, issuing bonds
against a collateral pool consisting of ABS, MBS, or CLOs), collateralized
mortgage obligations (CMOs), or collateralized bond obligations (CBOs).
There even exist third-level securitizations, in which the collateral pool con-
sists of CDO liabilities, which themselves consist of bonds backed by a
collateral pool, called CDO-squareds.
There are several other dimensions along which we can classify the great
variety of structured credit products:
Underlying asset classes. Every structured product is based on a set of
underlying loans, receivables, or other claims. If you drill down far
enough into a structured product, you will get to a set of relatively
conventional debt instruments that constitute the collateral or loan
pool. The collateral is typically composed of residential or commer-
cial real estate loans, consumer debt such as credit cards balances
and auto and student loans, and corporate bonds. But many other
types of debt, and even nondebt assets such as recurring fee income,
can also be packaged into securitizations. The credit quality and
prepayment behavior of the underlying risks is, of course, critical in
assessing the risks of the structured products built upon them.
Type of structure. Structured products are tools for redirecting the cash
flowsandcreditlossesgeneratedbytheunderlyingdebtinstruments.
The latter each make contractually stipulated coupon or other pay-
ments. But rather than being made directly to debt holders, they
are split up and channeled to the structured products in specified
ways. A key dimension is tranching, the number and size of the
bonds carved out of the liability side of the securitization. Another
is how many levels of securitization are involved, that is, whether
the collateral pool consists entirely of loans or liabilities of other
securitizations.
How much the pool changes over time. Wecandistinguishhereamong
threedifferentapproaches,tendingtocoincidewithassetclass.Each
type of pool has its own risk management challenges:
Static pools are amortizing pools in which a fixed set of loans is
placed in the trust. As the loans amortize, are repaid, or de-
fault, the deal, and the bonds it issues, gradually wind down.
Static pools are common for such asset types as auto loans
and residential mortgages, which generally themselves have a
fixed and relatively long term at origination but pay down over
time.
Revolving pools specify an overall level of assets that is to be main-
tainedduringarevolvingperiod.Asunderlyingloansarerepaid,
the size of the pool is maintained by introducing additional
loans from the balance sheet of the originator. Revolving pools
Structured Credit Risk 301
are common for bonds backed by credit card debt, which is not
issued in a fixed amount, but can within limits be drawn upon
and repaid by the borrower at his own discretion and without
notification. Once the revolving period ends, the loan pool be-
comes fixed, and the deal winds down gradually as debts are
repaid or become delinquent and are charged off.
Managed pools are pools in which the manager of the structured
producthasdiscretiontoremoveindividualloansfromthepool,
sell them, and replace them with others. Managed pools have
typically been seen in CLOs. Managers of CLOs are hired in
part for skill in identifying loans with higher spreads than war-
rantedbytheircreditquality.Theycan,intheory,alsoseecredit
problems arising at an early stage, and trade out of loans they
believe are more likely to default. There is a secondary market
for syndicated loans that permits them to do so, at least in many
cases. Also, syndicated loans are typically repaid in lump sum,
well ahead of their legal final maturity, but with random timing,
so a managed pool permits the manager to maintain the level
of assets in the pool.
The number of debt instruments in pools depends on asset type and on the
size of the securitization; some, for example CLO and commercial mortgage-
backed securities (CMBS) pools, may contain around 100 different loans,
each with an initial par value of several million dollars, while a large residen-
tial mortgage-backed security (RMBS) may have several tens of thousands
of mortgage loans in its pool, with an a
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 9.1 STRUCTURED CREDIT BASICSWe begin by sketching the major types of securitizations and structured credit products, sometimes collectively called portfolio credit products. These are vehicles that create bonds or credit derivatives backed by a pool of loans or other claims. This broad definition can’t do justice to the bewildering variety of structured credit products, and the equally bewilderingterminology associated with their construction.First, let’s put structured credit products into the context of other securities based on pooled loans. Not surprisingly, this hierarchy with respect to complexity of structure corresponds roughly to the historical development of structured products that we summarized in Chapter 1:Covered bonds are issued mainly by European banks, mainly in Germany and Denmark. In a covered bond structure, mortgage loansare aggregated into a cover pool, by which a bond issue is secured.The cover pool stays on the balance sheet of the bank, rather thanbeing sold off-balance-sheet, but is segregated from other assets ofthe bank in the event the bank defaults. The pool assets would beused to make the covered bond owners whole before they could beapplied to repay general creditors of the bank. Because the under-lying assets remain on the issuer’s balance sheet, covered bonds arenot considered full-fledged securitizations. Also, the principal andinterest on the secured bond issue are paid out of the general cashflows of the issuer, rather than out of the cash flows generated bythe cover pool. Finally, apart from the security of the cover pool,the covered bonds are backed by the issuer’s obligation to pay.Mortgage pass-through securities are true securitizations or structuredproducts, since the cash flows paid out by the bonds, and the creditrisk to which they are exposed, are more completely dependent onthe cash flows and credit risks generated by the pool of underlyingloans. Mortgage pass-throughs are backed by a pool of mortgageloans, removed from the mortgage originators’ balance sheets, andadministered by a servicer, who collects principal and interest fromthe underlying loans and distributes them to the bondholders. Mostpass-throughs are agency MBS, issued under an explicit or implicitU.S. federal guarantee of the performance of the underlying loans,so there is little default risk. But the principal and interest on thebonds are “passed through” from the loans, so the cash flows de-pend not only on amortization, but also voluntary prepayments bythe mortgagor. The bonds are repaid slowly over time, but at anuncertain pace, in contrast to bullet bonds, which receive full repay-ment of principal on one date. Bondholders are therefore exposedto prepayment risk.Collateralized mortgage obligations were developed partly as a meansof coping with prepayment risk, but also as a way to create bothlonger- and shorter-term bonds out of a pool of mortgage loans.Such loans amortize over time, creating cash flow streams that di-minish over time. CMOs are “sliced,” or tranched into bonds orStructured Credit Risk tranches, that are paid down on a specified schedule. The simpleststructure is sequential pay, in which the tranches are ordered, with“Class A” receiving all principal repayments from the loan until itis retired, then “Class B,” and so on. The higher tranches in thesequence have less prepayment risk than a pass-through, while thelower ones bear more.Structured credit products introduce one more innovation, namely thesequential distribution of credit losses. Structured products arebacked by credit-risky loans or bonds. The tranching focuses on cre-atingbondsthathavedifferentdegreesofcreditrisk.Aslossesoccur,the tranches are gradually written down. Junior tranches are writ-ten down first, and more senior tranches only begin to bear creditlosses once the junior tranches have been written down to zero.This basic credit tranching feature can be combined with otherfeatures to create, in some cases, extremely complex security struc-tures. The bottom-up treatment of credit losses can be combinedwith the sequential payment technology introduced with CMOs.Cash flows and credit risk arising from certain constituents of theunderlying asset pool may be directed to specific bonds.Securitization is one approach to financing pools of loans and other re-ceivables developed over the past two decades. An important alternativeand complement to securitization are entities set up to issue asset-backedcommercial paper (ABCP) against the receivables, or against securitizationbonds themselves. We describe these in greater detail in Chapter 12.A structured product can be thought of as a “robot” corporate entitywith a balance sheet, but no other business. In fact, structured productsare usually set up as special purpose entities (SPE) or vehicles (SPV), alsoknown as a trust. This arrangement is intended to legally separate the assetsand liabilities of the structured product from those of the original creditorsand of the company that manages the payments. That is, it makes the SPEbankruptcy remote. This permits investors to focus on the credit quality ofthe loans themselves rather than that of the original lenders in assessing thecredit quality of the securitization. The underlying debt instruments in theSPV are the robot entity’s assets, and the structured credit products built onit are its liabilities.Securitizations are, depending on the type of underlying assets, oftengenerically called asset- (ABS) or mortgage-backed securities (MBS), or col-lateralized loan obligations (CLOs). Securitizations that repackage other se-curitizations are called collateralized debt obligations (CDOs, issuing bondsagainst a collateral pool consisting of ABS, MBS, or CLOs), collateralized
mortgage obligations (CMOs), or collateralized bond obligations (CBOs).
There even exist third-level securitizations, in which the collateral pool con-
sists of CDO liabilities, which themselves consist of bonds backed by a
collateral pool, called CDO-squareds.
There are several other dimensions along which we can classify the great
variety of structured credit products:
Underlying asset classes. Every structured product is based on a set of
underlying loans, receivables, or other claims. If you drill down far
enough into a structured product, you will get to a set of relatively
conventional debt instruments that constitute the collateral or loan
pool. The collateral is typically composed of residential or commer-
cial real estate loans, consumer debt such as credit cards balances
and auto and student loans, and corporate bonds. But many other
types of debt, and even nondebt assets such as recurring fee income,
can also be packaged into securitizations. The credit quality and
prepayment behavior of the underlying risks is, of course, critical in
assessing the risks of the structured products built upon them.
Type of structure. Structured products are tools for redirecting the cash
flowsandcreditlossesgeneratedbytheunderlyingdebtinstruments.
The latter each make contractually stipulated coupon or other pay-
ments. But rather than being made directly to debt holders, they
are split up and channeled to the structured products in specified
ways. A key dimension is tranching, the number and size of the
bonds carved out of the liability side of the securitization. Another
is how many levels of securitization are involved, that is, whether
the collateral pool consists entirely of loans or liabilities of other
securitizations.
How much the pool changes over time. Wecandistinguishhereamong
threedifferentapproaches,tendingtocoincidewithassetclass.Each
type of pool has its own risk management challenges:
Static pools are amortizing pools in which a fixed set of loans is
placed in the trust. As the loans amortize, are repaid, or de-
fault, the deal, and the bonds it issues, gradually wind down.
Static pools are common for such asset types as auto loans
and residential mortgages, which generally themselves have a
fixed and relatively long term at origination but pay down over
time.
Revolving pools specify an overall level of assets that is to be main-
tainedduringarevolvingperiod.Asunderlyingloansarerepaid,
the size of the pool is maintained by introducing additional
loans from the balance sheet of the originator. Revolving pools
Structured Credit Risk 301
are common for bonds backed by credit card debt, which is not
issued in a fixed amount, but can within limits be drawn upon
and repaid by the borrower at his own discretion and without
notification. Once the revolving period ends, the loan pool be-
comes fixed, and the deal winds down gradually as debts are
repaid or become delinquent and are charged off.
Managed pools are pools in which the manager of the structured
producthasdiscretiontoremoveindividualloansfromthepool,
sell them, and replace them with others. Managed pools have
typically been seen in CLOs. Managers of CLOs are hired in
part for skill in identifying loans with higher spreads than war-
rantedbytheircreditquality.Theycan,intheory,alsoseecredit
problems arising at an early stage, and trade out of loans they
believe are more likely to default. There is a secondary market
for syndicated loans that permits them to do so, at least in many
cases. Also, syndicated loans are typically repaid in lump sum,
well ahead of their legal final maturity, but with random timing,
so a managed pool permits the manager to maintain the level
of assets in the pool.
The number of debt instruments in pools depends on asset type and on the
size of the securitization; some, for example CLO and commercial mortgage-
backed securities (CMBS) pools, may contain around 100 different loans,
each with an initial par value of several million dollars, while a large residen-
tial mortgage-backed security (RMBS) may have several tens of thousands
of mortgage loans in its pool, with an a
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 9.1 DASAR KREDIT TERSTRUKTUR
Kita mulai dengan membuat sketsa jenis utama dari securitizations dan produk kredit terstruktur, kadang-kadang kolektif disebut produk kredit portofolio. Ini adalah kendaraan yang menciptakan ikatan atau derivatif kredit didukung oleh genangan pinjaman atau klaim lain. Definisi yang luas ini tidak bisa melakukan keadilan untuk berbagai membingungkan produk kredit terstruktur, dan sama-sama membingungkan
terminologi yang berhubungan dengan konstruksi mereka.
Pertama, mari kita menempatkan produk kredit terstruktur dalam konteks surat berharga lainnya berdasarkan pinjaman dikumpulkan. Tidak mengherankan, hirarki ini sehubungan dengan kompleksitas struktur sesuai dengan kasar sejarah perkembangan produk terstruktur yang kita dirangkum dalam Bab 1:
Covered obligasi dikeluarkan terutama oleh bank-bank Eropa, terutama di Jerman dan Denmark. Dalam struktur obligasi tertutup, pinjaman hipotek
dikumpulkan ke dalam kolam penutup, dimana obligasi dijamin.
Kolam renang penutup tetap pada neraca bank, daripada
yang dijual off-balance-sheet, tetapi dipisahkan dari lainnya aset
bank dalam hal default Bank. Aset renang akan
digunakan untuk membuat pemilik obligasi tertutup seluruh sebelum mereka bisa
diterapkan untuk membayar kreditur umum bank. Karena pemahaman
aset berbaring tetap pada neraca emiten, obligasi tertutup yang
tidak dianggap securitizations penuh. Juga, pokok dan
bunga obligasi dijamin dibayar dari kas umum
arus dari penerbit, bukan keluar dari arus kas yang dihasilkan oleh
kolam penutup. Akhirnya, selain keamanan kolam penutup,
obligasi tertutup didukung oleh kewajiban emiten untuk membayar.
Mortgage pass-through efek adalah securitizations benar atau terstruktur
produk, karena arus kas dibayarkan oleh obligasi, dan kredit
risiko yang mereka terkena, lebih sepenuhnya tergantung pada
arus kas dan risiko kredit yang dihasilkan oleh kolam yang mendasari
pinjaman. Mortgage pass-through didukung oleh kolam hipotek
pinjaman, dikeluarkan dari neraca pencetus hipotek ', dan
dikelola oleh Penyedia Jasa, yang mengumpulkan pokok dan bunga dari
pinjaman yang mendasari dan mendistribusikan mereka kepada pemegang obligasi. Kebanyakan
pass-through yang MBS badan, mengeluarkan bawah eksplisit atau implisit
AS jaminan federal kinerja pinjaman yang,
sehingga ada risiko gagal bayar sedikit. Tapi pokok dan bunga pada
obligasi "melewati" dari pinjaman, sehingga arus kas de-
pend tidak hanya pada amortisasi, tetapi juga pembayaran di muka sukarela oleh
hutangan. Obligasi dilunasi perlahan dari waktu ke waktu, tapi pada
kecepatan yang tidak pasti, berbeda dengan obligasi peluru, yang menerima pembayaran-kembali penuh
ment pokok pada satu tanggal. Oleh karena itu pemegang obligasi yang terkena
risiko prabayar.
Kewajiban hipotek Dijamin dikembangkan sebagian sebagai sarana
untuk mengatasi risiko pembayaran di muka, tetapi juga sebagai cara untuk membuat kedua
obligasi lebih panjang dan jangka pendek dari kolam pinjaman hipotek.
Pinjaman tersebut amortisasi atas waktu, menciptakan arus kas sungai yang di-
Minish dari waktu ke waktu. CMO yang "diiris," atau tranched ke obligasi atau
Structured Risiko Kredit
tranches, yang dibayar di atas jadwal yang ditentukan. Yang paling sederhana
struktur adalah membayar berurutan, di mana tahapan yang diperintahkan, dengan
"Kelas A" menerima semua pembayaran pokok dari pinjaman sampai
pensiun, maka "Kelas B," dan seterusnya. Tranches lebih tinggi dalam
urutan memiliki risiko pembayaran di muka kurang dari pass-through, sedangkan
yang lebih rendah menanggung lebih.
Produk kredit terstruktur memperkenalkan salah satu inovasi yang lebih, yaitu
distribusi berurutan dari kerugian kredit. Produk terstruktur yang
didukung oleh pinjaman kredit-berisiko atau obligasi. Tranching berfokus pada CRE-
atingbondsthathavedifferentdegreesofcreditrisk.Aslossesoccur,
tranches secara bertahap dituliskan. Tranches Junior tertulis
sepuluh turun pertama, dan lebih Senior tranches hanya mulai menanggung kredit
kerugian setelah tahapan junior telah ditulis nol.
Fitur ini tranching kredit dasar dapat dikombinasikan dengan lainnya
fitur untuk membuat, dalam beberapa kasus, sangat kompleks keamanan struktural
membangun struktur. Pengobatan bottom-up dari kerugian kredit dapat dikombinasikan
dengan teknologi pembayaran berurutan diperkenalkan dengan CMOS.
Arus kas dan risiko kredit yang timbul dari konstituen tertentu dari
kolam renang underlying asset dapat diarahkan untuk obligasi tertentu.
Sekuritisasi merupakan salah satu pendekatan untuk kolam pembiayaan pinjaman dan re- lainnya
ceivables dikembangkan selama dua dekade terakhir. Sebuah alternatif penting
dan melengkapi untuk sekuritisasi adalah entitas dibentuk untuk mengeluarkan beragun aset
surat berharga (ABCP) terhadap piutang, atau terhadap sekuritisasi
obligasi sendiri. Kami menjelaskan ini secara lebih rinci dalam Bab 12.
Sebuah produk terstruktur dapat dianggap sebagai "robot" entitas perusahaan
dengan neraca, tetapi tidak ada usaha lain. Bahkan, produk terstruktur
biasanya mengatur entitas sebagai tujuan khusus (SPE) atau kendaraan (SPV), juga
dikenal sebagai kepercayaan. Pengaturan ini dimaksudkan untuk memisahkan secara hukum aset
dan kewajiban dari produk terstruktur dari orang-orang dari kreditur asli
dan perusahaan yang mengelola pembayaran. Artinya, itu membuat SPE
kebangkrutan terpencil. Hal ini memungkinkan investor untuk fokus pada kualitas kredit dari
kredit sendiri daripada yang dari kreditur asli dalam menilai
kualitas kredit dari sekuritisasi. Instrumen utang yang mendasari di
SPV merupakan aset robot entitas, dan produk kredit terstruktur dibangun di
dalamnya adalah kewajiban.
Securitizations yang, tergantung pada jenis underlying asset, sering
umumnya disebut asset- (ABS) atau surat berharga berbasis mortgage ( MBS), atau col
kewajiban pinjaman lateralized (Clos). Securitizations yang repackage se- lain
curitizations disebut utang yang dijamin (CDO, menerbitkan obligasi
terhadap kolam agunan yang terdiri dari ABS, MBS, atau Clos), dijamin
hipotek kewajiban (CMO), atau kewajiban obligasi yang dijamin (Ormas).
Bahkan ada ketiga securitizations -tingkat, di mana jaminan kolam con-
sists kewajiban CDO, yang sendiri terdiri dari obligasi yang didukung oleh
kolam renang agunan, disebut CDO-squareds.
Ada beberapa dimensi lain sepanjang yang kita dapat mengklasifikasikan besar
berbagai produk kredit terstruktur:
kelas aset yang mendasari. Setiap produk terstruktur didasarkan pada satu set
pinjaman yang mendasari, piutang, atau klaim lainnya. Jika Anda menelusuri jauh
cukup menjadi produk terstruktur, Anda akan mendapatkan satu set yang relatif
instrumen utang konvensional yang merupakan agunan atau pinjaman
kolam renang. Agunan biasanya terdiri dari perumahan ATAU KESEMPATAN
resmi pinjaman real estate, utang konsumen seperti kartu kredit saldo
dan mobil dan pinjaman mahasiswa, dan obligasi korporasi. Tetapi banyak lainnya
jenis utang, dan aset bahkan nondebt seperti recurring income fee,
juga dapat dikemas ke dalam securitizations. Kualitas kredit dan
pembayaran di muka perilaku risiko yang mendasari adalah, tentu saja, penting dalam
menilai risiko dari produk terstruktur dibangun di atas mereka.
Jenis struktur. Produk terstruktur adalah alat untuk mengarahkan tunai
flowsandcreditlossesgeneratedbytheunderlyingdebtinstruments.
The setiap terakhir membuat kontrak ditetapkan kupon atau-pembayaran lainnya
KASIH. Tapi bukannya dibuat langsung ke pemegang utang, mereka
yang berpisah dan disalurkan ke produk terstruktur di ditentukan
cara. Dimensi kunci tranching, jumlah dan ukuran dari
obligasi diukir dari sisi kewajiban sekuritisasi. Lain
adalah berapa banyak tingkat sekuritisasi yang terlibat, yaitu, apakah
kolam agunan seluruhnya terdiri dari pinjaman atau kewajiban lainnya
securitizations.
Berapa banyak perubahan renang dari waktu ke waktu. Wecandistinguishhereamong
threedifferentapproaches, tendingtocoincidewithassetclass.Each
jenis kolam memiliki tantangan manajemen risiko sendiri:
kolam statis amortisasi kolam di mana satu set tetap pinjaman yang
ditempatkan dalam kepercayaan. Sebagai pinjaman amortisasi, dilunasi, atau de-
kesalahan, kesepakatan, dan obligasi itu masalah, secara bertahap angin.
Kolam statis yang umum untuk jenis aset seperti kredit mobil
dan hipotik perumahan, yang umumnya sendiri memiliki
tetap dan relatif lama Istilah di originasi tapi membayar lebih
waktu.
kolam Revolving menentukan tingkat keseluruhan aset yang menjadi main-
tainedduringarevolvingperiod.Asunderlyingloansarerepaid,
ukuran kolam renang dipertahankan dengan memperkenalkan tambahan
pinjaman dari neraca originator. Kolam bergulir
Terstruktur Risiko Kredit 301
yang umum untuk obligasi yang didukung oleh utang kartu kredit, yang tidak
dikeluarkan dalam jumlah yang tetap, namun bisa dalam batas ditarik setelah
dan dilunasi oleh peminjam atas kebijakannya sendiri dan tanpa
pemberitahuan. Setelah periode berakhir bergulir, kolam pinjaman menjadi-
datang tetap, dan kesepakatan angin turun secara bertahap sebagai utang
dilunasi atau menjadi nakal dan dibebankan off.
Kolam Managed adalah kolam di mana manajer terstruktur
producthasdiscretiontoremoveindividualloansfromthepool,
menjual mereka, dan mengganti mereka dengan orang lain. Kolam dikelola telah
biasanya terlihat di Clos. Manajer Clos dipekerjakan di
bagian untuk keterampilan dalam mengidentifikasi pinjaman dengan spread yang lebih tinggi dari
perang-rantedbytheircreditquality.Theycan, intheory, alsoseecredit
masalah yang timbul pada tahap awal, dan perdagangan dari pinjaman mereka
percaya lebih cenderung ke default. Ada pasar sekunder
untuk pinjaman sindikasi yang memungkinkan mereka untuk melakukannya, setidaknya dalam banyak
kasus. Juga, pinjaman sindikasi biasanya dibayar dalam lump sum,
baik di depan jatuh tempo hukum mereka, tetapi dengan waktu acak,
sehingga kolam dikelola memungkinkan manajer untuk mempertahankan tingkat
aset di kolam renang.
Jumlah instrumen utang di kolam tergantung pada jenis aset dan pada
ukuran sekuritisasi; beberapa, misalnya CLO dan mortgage- komersial
didukung sekuritas (CMBS) renang, mungkin berisi sekitar 100 pinjaman yang berbeda,
masing-masing dengan nilai nominal awal beberapa juta dolar, sementara residen- besar
esensial berbasis mortgage keamanan (RMBS) mungkin memiliki beberapa puluhan ribu
pinjaman hipotek di kolam renang, dengan a
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
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