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PrinciplesComputed tomography is conducted by transmitting finely collimated x-ray beam through the body; the beam is received by an electronic detector as shown in (gambar). The scattered x-rays are lessened as a result of this collimation.The subject is placed between the x-ray tube and the detector, and both are scanned synchronously in the direction of the arrows. Transvering the axial transverse cross section surface. The x-rays are narrowed to 2-3 mm in the direction of the scan, and to abaout 10 mm in a direction vertical to the scan, and are then measured by the detector. A one-dimensional distribution intensity profiele of projection of transmitted x-rays is obtained. After the first scan is completed. The x-ray tube and the detector are then rotated a given angle around the patient, and a profile of the second projection is obtained. The procedure is repeated over the range of 180(derajat). The x-ray detector consist of a scintillator and a photomultiplier.A scintillator emits a weak light when it absorbs an x-ray photon, after which the light passes into a photocathode in photomultiplier. A pipe of Lucite for guiding the light is often placed between the photocathode and the scintillator to decrease the effect of non-uniformity of the surface of the photocathode, and become a current pulse by secondary electron multiplication of the photomultiplier. Hence the entry of an x-ray photon into the scintillstion counter result in the creation of an electic pulse, which is amplified and counted. As the amount of x-rays due to its high anatomic number. Xe is used as a multidetector because it facilitates the preparation of a small-volume ionization chamber.These x-ray detector have a wider photon counting dynamic range than that of x-ray film. (gambar) shows the characteristic curves of film, and the output response sharacteristics of CT detectors. The intensity of incident x-ray is shown on the horizontal axis.Although the x-ray intensity on film is zero, the optical density is not zero due to film fog. When the increased x-ray intensity falls within a certain range, the optical density becomes proportional to it the rises linearly. When the intensity is extremely large, the optical density becomes saturated and does not increase. The limits of the range of linearity are of a density of about 1:100. This is the “dynamic range” of the film. On the other hand, x-ray detector have a liniar response to x-ray intensity with a range of linearity of more than 1:10000. The dynamic range of the detector of a CT is required to be wide enough to cover the range of x-ray intensity from bone to air transmission in order to facilitate good density resolution. A block diagram of a CT unit is shown in (gambar). The x-ray beam emitted from the x-ray tube passes through the body, and the intensity of the transmitted x-ray is measure by the detector located opposite the x-ray tube. The intensity of incident x-ray is monitore by the reference detector at the same time, so that the change of x-ray output during radiography can be corrected. When the intensity of transmitted x-ray at a point of profile of projection is I, the incident intensity is I0, and the energy of the x-rays is assumed to be monochromatic.
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