Emergence of the genreJames Boswell

Emergence of the genre
James Boswell wrote what many consider to be the first modern biography, The Life of Samuel Johnson, in 1791.

The first modern biography, and a work which exerted considerable influence on the evolution of the genre, was James Boswell's The Life of Samuel Johnson, a biography of lexicographer and man-of-letters Samuel Johnson published in 1791.[7] While Boswell's personal acquaintance with his subject only began in 1763, when Johnson was 54 years old, Boswell covered the entirety of Johnson's life by means of additional research. Itself an important stage in the development of the modern genre of biography, it has been claimed to be the greatest biography written in the English language. Boswell's work was unique in its level of research, which involved archival study, eye-witness accounts and interviews, its robust and attractive narrative, and its honest depiction of all aspects of Johnson's life and character - a formula which serves as the basis of biographical literature to this day.[8]

Biographical writing generally stagnated during the 19th century - in many cases there was a reversal to the more familiar hagiographical method of eulogizing the dead, similar to the biographies of saints produced in Medieval times. A distinction between mass biography and literary biography began to form by the middle of the century, reflecting a breach between high culture and middle-class culture. However, the number of biographies in print experienced a rapid growth, thanks to an expanding reading public. This revolution in publishing made books available to a larger audience of readers. In addition, affordable paperback editions of popular biographies were published for the first time. Periodicals began publishing a sequence of biographical sketches.[5]

Autobiographies became more popular, as with the rise of education and cheap printing, modern concepts of fame and celebrity began to develop. Autobiographies were written by authors, such as Charles Dickens (who incorporated autobiographical elements in his novels) and Anthony Trollope, (his Autobiography appeared posthumously, quickly becoming a bestseller in London[9]), philosophers, such as John Stuart Mill, churchmen - Cardinal Newman - and entertainers - P. T. Barnum.

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Munculnya genre
James Boswell menulis apa yang banyak anggap sebagai biografi modern pertama, The Life of Samuel Johnson, pada 1791. Biografi modern pertama, dan sebuah karya yang memberikan pengaruh besar pada evolusi genre, adalah James Boswell Life The Samuel Johnson, biografi ahli kamus dan manusia-dari-huruf Samuel Johnson diterbitkan pada 1791. [7] Sementara kenalan pribadi Boswell dengan subjeknya hanya dimulai pada 1763, ketika Johnson berusia 54 tahun, Boswell menutupi keseluruhan kehidupan Johnson oleh berarti penelitian tambahan. Sendiri merupakan tahap penting dalam perkembangan genre modern biografi, telah diklaim sebagai biografi terbesar ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris. Karya Boswell adalah unik dalam tingkat penelitian, yang melibatkan studi arsip, rekening saksi mata dan wawancara, narasi yang kuat dan menarik, dan penggambaran jujur ​​atas semua aspek kehidupan Johnson dan karakter - formula yang berfungsi sebagai dasar biografi literatur sampai hari ini [8]. menulis biografi umumnya mengalami stagnasi selama abad ke-19 - dalam banyak kasus ada pembalikan dengan metode hagiographical lebih akrab dari memuliakan orang mati, mirip dengan biografi orang-orang kudus yang diproduksi di abad pertengahan. Perbedaan antara biografi massa dan biografi sastra mulai terbentuk pada pertengahan abad ini, yang mencerminkan pelanggaran antara budaya tinggi dan budaya kelas menengah. Namun, jumlah biografi di cetak mengalami pertumbuhan yang cepat, berkat masyarakat membaca berkembang. Revolusi ini dalam penerbitan membuat buku yang tersedia untuk khalayak yang lebih besar dari pembaca. Selain itu, edisi paperback terjangkau biografi populer diterbitkan untuk pertama kalinya. Majalah mulai menerbitkan urutan sketsa biografi. [5] Otobiografi menjadi lebih populer, seperti dengan munculnya pendidikan dan cetak murah, konsep modern ketenaran dan selebriti mulai berkembang. Otobiografi yang ditulis oleh penulis, seperti Charles Dickens (yang dimasukkan unsur otobiografi dalam novel-novelnya) dan Anthony Trollope, (Autobiography-nya muncul secara anumerta, cepat menjadi buku terlaris di London [9]), filsuf, seperti John Stuart Mill, gereja - Kardinal Newman - dan penghibur - PT Barnum.