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Although the benefit of tax shields may encourage the firms to employ more debt thanother external sources available to them, this mode of finance is not free from costs. Twopotential costs, namely, the bankruptcy costs and the agency costs are associated withthis source of finance. Bankruptcy is merely a legal mechanism allowing the creditors totake over when the decline in the value of assets triggers a default. Thus, bankruptcycosts are the costs of using this mechanism. The costs of bankruptcy discussed in theliterature are of two kinds: direct and indirect. Direct costs include fees of lawyers andaccountants, other professional fees, the value of the managerial time spent inadministering the bankruptcy. Indirect costs include lost sales, lost profits, and possiblythe inability of a firm to obtain credit or to issue securities except under especiallyunfavorable terms. While analyzing the data of 11 railroad bankruptcies which occurredbetween 1930 and 1955, Warner (1977) observed that the ratio of direct bankruptcy coststo the market value of the firm appeared to fall as the value of the firm increased. The costof bankruptcy is on the average about 1 percent of the market value of the firm prior tobankruptcy. Furthermore, direct costs of bankruptcy, such as legal fees, seem to decreaseas a function of the size of the bankrupt firm. Thus, these findings suggest that directbankruptcy costs are less important for capital structure decisions of large firms. In orderto investigate the impact of both direct and indirect bankruptcy costs, Altman (1984)collected the data related to retail and industrial firms’ failure in the USA. Altmanobserved that bankruptcy costs are not trivial. In many cases, bankruptcy costsexceeded 20 percent of the value of the firm measured just before the bankruptcy andeven in some cases measured several years before. On average, bankruptcy costs ranged
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