Although the benefit of tax shields may encourage the firms to employ  terjemahan - Although the benefit of tax shields may encourage the firms to employ  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Although the benefit of tax shields

Although the benefit of tax shields may encourage the firms to employ more debt than
other external sources available to them, this mode of finance is not free from costs. Two
potential costs, namely, the bankruptcy costs and the agency costs are associated with
this source of finance. Bankruptcy is merely a legal mechanism allowing the creditors to
take over when the decline in the value of assets triggers a default. Thus, bankruptcy
costs are the costs of using this mechanism. The costs of bankruptcy discussed in the
literature are of two kinds: direct and indirect. Direct costs include fees of lawyers and
accountants, other professional fees, the value of the managerial time spent in
administering the bankruptcy. Indirect costs include lost sales, lost profits, and possibly
the inability of a firm to obtain credit or to issue securities except under especially
unfavorable terms. While analyzing the data of 11 railroad bankruptcies which occurred
between 1930 and 1955, Warner (1977) observed that the ratio of direct bankruptcy costs
to the market value of the firm appeared to fall as the value of the firm increased. The cost
of bankruptcy is on the average about 1 percent of the market value of the firm prior to
bankruptcy. Furthermore, direct costs of bankruptcy, such as legal fees, seem to decrease
as a function of the size of the bankrupt firm. Thus, these findings suggest that direct
bankruptcy costs are less important for capital structure decisions of large firms. In order
to investigate the impact of both direct and indirect bankruptcy costs, Altman (1984)
collected the data related to retail and industrial firms’ failure in the USA. Altman
observed that bankruptcy costs are not trivial. In many cases, bankruptcy costs
exceeded 20 percent of the value of the firm measured just before the bankruptcy and
even in some cases measured several years before. On average, bankruptcy costs ranged
0/5000
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Although the benefit of tax shields may encourage the firms to employ more debt thanother external sources available to them, this mode of finance is not free from costs. Twopotential costs, namely, the bankruptcy costs and the agency costs are associated withthis source of finance. Bankruptcy is merely a legal mechanism allowing the creditors totake over when the decline in the value of assets triggers a default. Thus, bankruptcycosts are the costs of using this mechanism. The costs of bankruptcy discussed in theliterature are of two kinds: direct and indirect. Direct costs include fees of lawyers andaccountants, other professional fees, the value of the managerial time spent inadministering the bankruptcy. Indirect costs include lost sales, lost profits, and possiblythe inability of a firm to obtain credit or to issue securities except under especiallyunfavorable terms. While analyzing the data of 11 railroad bankruptcies which occurredbetween 1930 and 1955, Warner (1977) observed that the ratio of direct bankruptcy coststo the market value of the firm appeared to fall as the value of the firm increased. The costof bankruptcy is on the average about 1 percent of the market value of the firm prior tobankruptcy. Furthermore, direct costs of bankruptcy, such as legal fees, seem to decreaseas a function of the size of the bankrupt firm. Thus, these findings suggest that directbankruptcy costs are less important for capital structure decisions of large firms. In orderto investigate the impact of both direct and indirect bankruptcy costs, Altman (1984)collected the data related to retail and industrial firms’ failure in the USA. Altmanobserved that bankruptcy costs are not trivial. In many cases, bankruptcy costsexceeded 20 percent of the value of the firm measured just before the bankruptcy andeven in some cases measured several years before. On average, bankruptcy costs ranged
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Meskipun manfaat dari perisai pajak dapat mendorong perusahaan untuk mempekerjakan lebih banyak utang dari
sumber eksternal lain yang tersedia untuk mereka, modus ini keuangan tidak lepas dari biaya. Dua
potensi biaya, yaitu biaya kebangkrutan dan biaya agensi yang terkait dengan
sumber ini keuangan. Kepailitan hanyalah mekanisme hukum yang memungkinkan kreditur untuk
mengambil alih ketika penurunan nilai aset memicu default. Dengan demikian, kebangkrutan
biaya adalah biaya menggunakan mekanisme ini. Biaya kebangkrutan dibahas dalam
literatur ada dua macam: langsung dan tidak langsung. Biaya langsung meliputi biaya pengacara dan
akuntan, biaya profesional lainnya, nilai waktu manajerial dihabiskan di
administrasi kebangkrutan. Biaya tidak langsung termasuk penjualan hilang, keuntungan yang hilang, dan mungkin
ketidakmampuan perusahaan untuk memperoleh kredit atau untuk menerbitkan surat berharga kecuali di bawah terutama
hal yang tidak menguntungkan. Sementara menganalisis data dari 11 kebangkrutan kereta api yang terjadi
antara tahun 1930 dan 1955, Warner (1977) mengamati bahwa rasio biaya kebangkrutan langsung
dengan nilai pasar perusahaan tampaknya jatuh sebagai nilai perusahaan meningkat. Biaya
kebangkrutan adalah rata-rata sekitar 1 persen dari nilai pasar perusahaan sebelum
kebangkrutan. Selanjutnya, biaya langsung dari kebangkrutan, seperti biaya legal, tampaknya menurun
sebagai fungsi dari ukuran perusahaan bangkrut. Dengan demikian, temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa langsung
biaya kebangkrutan kurang penting untuk keputusan struktur modal dari perusahaan besar. Dalam rangka
untuk menyelidiki dampak dari kedua biaya kebangkrutan langsung dan tidak langsung, Altman (1984)
mengumpulkan data yang terkait dengan kegagalan ritel dan industri perusahaan 'di Amerika Serikat. Altman
mengamati bahwa biaya kebangkrutan tidak sepele. Dalam banyak kasus, biaya kebangkrutan
melebihi 20 persen dari nilai perusahaan diukur sebelum kebangkrutan dan
bahkan dalam beberapa kasus diukur beberapa tahun sebelum. Rata-rata, biaya kebangkrutan berkisar
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