The melting point of any fat system employed as ashortening should be  terjemahan - The melting point of any fat system employed as ashortening should be  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The melting point of any fat system

The melting point of any fat system employed as a
shortening should be below body temperature to prevent a greasy mouth feel (as in the case of table margarines). Monoglycerides, lactylated monoglycerides,
propylene glycol esters, lecithin, polyglycerol esters,
polysorbate 60, and sodium stearoyl lactylate are the
most commonly used emulsifiers in shortenings (Chrysam, 1985; Weiss, 1983). Fig. 1shows the chemical
structure of some of these common emulsifiers (Wan,
1990). Gawrilow (1973)provided the formulation for a
typical multipurpose shortening (Table 2).
5.2. Fluid shortenings
Because of the significant convenience in storing,
pumping, and metering fluid shortening, there is a constantly increasing demand for the production of these
liquid-shortening systems. Fluid shortenings comprise a
relatively small (less than or equal to 15 micron) and
stablebetacrystalline phase in a fat network (more on
crystalline classification and characteristics are included
later in this review). A typical formulation is comprised
of a hard fat (e.g. lard) and an emulsifier (e.g. lecithin)
and is processed through slow cooling of the melted fat
accompanied by slow agitation (Chrysam, 1985;
Gutcho, 1979). The product formed retains its fluid
state for extended periods. Lecithin in the formulation
acts as a crystal inhibitor. It prevents co-crystallization
between liquid and solid triglyceride components when
the system is subjected to slow cooling. Examples of the
types of crystal inhibitors effective in preventing cocrystallization include oxidized polymerized oils (brown
oils), fatty acid esters of dextrin, fatty acid esters of disaccharides (such as sucrose esters), fatty acid esters of
polyglycols, and sorbitol (higher alcohols). Air incorporation in this type of shortening should be minimized
for good performance; since small air bubbles will
associate with the crystals present and cause these to
rise towards the surface resulting in a non-homogenous
product (Chrysam, 1985; Gillies, 1974).
5.3. Cake shortening
Cakes with enhanced physical functionality are made
by the use of super glycerinated shortenings (Chrysam,
1985). These contain added mono- and di-glycerides as
emulsifiers. Mono- and di-glycerides possess marked
surface activity due to their content of both oil loving
(lipophilic) and water loving (hydrophilic) groups.
Saturated monoglycerides are preferred for cakes
because these form complexes with the amylose fraction
of starch; which lead to softer crumbs and longer shelf
life (Krog, 1977). If the original batter contains many
small air cells, the final cake will have a larger volume
and a fine (close) grain. If the original air bubbles are
fewer and larger, the final cake will have a smaller
volume and a coarse (open) grain. The cake shortening
plays a large role in determining the degree of distribution of the air in batter.
In cake shortening, the fat system, typically composed
of soybean oil base stock and cottonseed oil hard stock
(fully hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated), undergoes
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The melting point of any fat system employed as ashortening should be below body temperature to prevent a greasy mouth feel (as in the case of table margarines). Monoglycerides, lactylated monoglycerides,propylene glycol esters, lecithin, polyglycerol esters,polysorbate 60, and sodium stearoyl lactylate are themost commonly used emulsifiers in shortenings (Chrysam, 1985; Weiss, 1983). Fig. 1shows the chemicalstructure of some of these common emulsifiers (Wan,1990). Gawrilow (1973)provided the formulation for atypical multipurpose shortening (Table 2).5.2. Fluid shorteningsBecause of the significant convenience in storing,pumping, and metering fluid shortening, there is a constantly increasing demand for the production of theseliquid-shortening systems. Fluid shortenings comprise arelatively small (less than or equal to 15 micron) andstablebetacrystalline phase in a fat network (more oncrystalline classification and characteristics are includedlater in this review). A typical formulation is comprisedof a hard fat (e.g. lard) and an emulsifier (e.g. lecithin)and is processed through slow cooling of the melted fataccompanied by slow agitation (Chrysam, 1985;Gutcho, 1979). The product formed retains its fluidstate for extended periods. Lecithin in the formulationacts as a crystal inhibitor. It prevents co-crystallizationbetween liquid and solid triglyceride components whenthe system is subjected to slow cooling. Examples of thetypes of crystal inhibitors effective in preventing cocrystallization include oxidized polymerized oils (brownoils), fatty acid esters of dextrin, fatty acid esters of disaccharides (such as sucrose esters), fatty acid esters ofpolyglycols, and sorbitol (higher alcohols). Air incorporation in this type of shortening should be minimizedfor good performance; since small air bubbles willassociate with the crystals present and cause these torise towards the surface resulting in a non-homogenousproduct (Chrysam, 1985; Gillies, 1974).5.3. Cake shorteningCakes with enhanced physical functionality are madeby the use of super glycerinated shortenings (Chrysam,1985). These contain added mono- and di-glycerides asemulsifiers. Mono- and di-glycerides possess markedsurface activity due to their content of both oil loving(lipophilic) and water loving (hydrophilic) groups.Saturated monoglycerides are preferred for cakesbecause these form complexes with the amylose fractionof starch; which lead to softer crumbs and longer shelflife (Krog, 1977). If the original batter contains manysmall air cells, the final cake will have a larger volumeand a fine (close) grain. If the original air bubbles arefewer and larger, the final cake will have a smallervolume and a coarse (open) grain. The cake shorteningplays a large role in determining the degree of distribution of the air in batter.In cake shortening, the fat system, typically composedof soybean oil base stock and cottonseed oil hard stock(fully hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated), undergoes
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Titik leleh dari setiap sistem lemak yang digunakan sebagai
shortening harus di bawah suhu tubuh untuk mencegah merasa mulut berminyak (seperti dalam kasus margarin tabel). Monogliserida, monogliserida lactylated,
ester propilen glikol, lesitin, ester poligliserol,
polisorbat 60, dan natrium stearoil laktilat adalah
pengemulsi yang paling umum digunakan dalam shortening (Chrysam, 1985; Weiss, 1983). Gambar. 1shows kimia
struktur dari beberapa pengemulsi umum (Wan,
1990). Gawrilow (1973) yang tersedia formulasi untuk
memperpendek khas serbaguna (Tabel 2).
5.2. Shortening fluida
Karena kenyamanan yang signifikan dalam menyimpan,
memompa, dan metering shortening cairan, ada terus meningkatnya permintaan untuk produksi ini
sistem cair-memperpendek. Shortening cairan terdiri
relatif kecil (kurang dari atau sama dengan 15 mikron) dan
fase stablebetacrystalline dalam jaringan lemak (lebih pada
klasifikasi kristal dan karakteristik termasuk
nanti dalam review ini). Formulasi khas terdiri
dari lemak keras (misalnya lemak babi) dan emulsifier (misalnya lesitin)
dan diproses melalui pendinginan lambat dari meleleh lemak
disertai dengan agitasi lambat (Chrysam, 1985;
Gutcho, 1979). Produk yang terbentuk tetap fluida
negara untuk waktu yang diperpanjang. Lesitin dalam formulasi
bertindak sebagai inhibitor kristal. Ini mencegah co-kristalisasi
antara komponen trigliserida cair dan padat ketika
sistem mengalami memperlambat pendinginan. Contoh
jenis inhibitor kristal efektif dalam mencegah cocrystallization termasuk teroksidasi minyak terpolimerisasi (coklat
minyak), ester asam lemak dari dekstrin, ester asam lemak dari disakarida (seperti sukrosa ester), ester asam lemak dari
poliglikol, dan sorbitol (alkohol yang lebih tinggi) . Penggabungan udara dalam jenis pemendekan harus diminimalkan
untuk kinerja yang baik; karena gelembung udara kecil akan
mengasosiasikan dengan kristal hadir dan menyebabkan ini untuk
naik menuju permukaan menghasilkan non-homogen
produk (Chrysam, 1985; Gillies, 1974).
5.3. Cake memperpendek
Kue dengan fungsi fisik ditingkatkan dibuat
dengan menggunakan super glycerinated shortening (Chrysam,
1985). Ini mengandung menambahkan mono dan di-gliserida sebagai
pengemulsi. Mono dan di-gliserida memiliki lanjutan ditandai
aktivitas permukaan karena konten mereka dari kedua minyak mencintai
(lipofilik) dan air mencintai (hidrofilik) kelompok.
Jenuh monogliserida lebih disukai untuk kue
karena membentuk kompleks ini dengan fraksi amilosa
pati; yang menyebabkan remah-remah lembut dan rak lagi
hidup (Krog, 1977). Jika adonan asli mengandung banyak
sel udara kecil, kue akhir akan memiliki volume yang lebih besar
dan denda (dekat) gandum. Jika gelembung udara asli
lebih sedikit dan lebih besar, kue akhir akan memiliki lebih kecil
volume dan kasar (terbuka) gandum. Kue shortening
memainkan peran besar dalam menentukan tingkat distribusi udara dalam adonan.
Dalam kue mentega, sistem lemak, biasanya terdiri
dari kedelai saham dasar minyak dan biji kapas minyak keras saham
(penuh terhidrogenasi atau terhidrogenasi parsial), mengalami
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