Status hierarchies in groups are not fixed: they can vary over time, a terjemahan - Status hierarchies in groups are not fixed: they can vary over time, a Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Status hierarchies in groups are no

Status hierarchies in groups are not fixed: they can vary over time, and also from situa-tion to situation. Take an orchestra: the lead violinist may have the highest-status role at a concert, while the union representative has the highest-status role in negotiations with management. One explanation of why status hierarchies emerge so readily in groups is in terms of social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954; Suls & Miller, 1977) - status hierarchies are the expression and reflection of intragroup social comparisons. Groups furnish a pool of relevant others with whom we can make social comparisons in order to assess the valid-ity of our opinions and abilities.
Certain roles in the group have more power and influence and, because they are there-fore more attractive and desirable, have many more 'applicants' than can be accommodated. Fierce social comparisons on behavioural dimensions relevant to these roles inevitably mean that the majority of group members, who are unsuccessful in secur-ing the role, must conclude that they are less able than those who are successful. Thus there arises a shared view that those occupying the attractive role are superior to the rest - con-sensual prestige and high status. (Do you have any advice for Andrea? See the fourth focus question.)
Status hierarchies often become institutionalised, so that individual members do not engage in ongoing systematic social comparisons. Rather, they simply assume that partic-ular roles or role occupants are of higher status than their own role or themselves. Research into the formation of status hierarchies in newly created groups tends to support this view. Strodtbeck, James and Hawkins (1957) assembled mock juries to consider and render a verdict on transcripts of actual trials. They found that the high-status role of jury foreman almost always went to people who had higher occupational status outside the context of the jury (e.g. teachers or psychologists rather than janitors or mechanics).

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Status hierarchies in groups are not fixed: they can vary over time, and also from situa-tion to situation. Take an orchestra: the lead violinist may have the highest-status role at a concert, while the union representative has the highest-status role in negotiations with management. One explanation of why status hierarchies emerge so readily in groups is in terms of social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954; Suls & Miller, 1977) - status hierarchies are the expression and reflection of intragroup social comparisons. Groups furnish a pool of relevant others with whom we can make social comparisons in order to assess the valid-ity of our opinions and abilities. Certain roles in the group have more power and influence and, because they are there-fore more attractive and desirable, have many more 'applicants' than can be accommodated. Fierce social comparisons on behavioural dimensions relevant to these roles inevitably mean that the majority of group members, who are unsuccessful in secur-ing the role, must conclude that they are less able than those who are successful. Thus there arises a shared view that those occupying the attractive role are superior to the rest - con-sensual prestige and high status. (Do you have any advice for Andrea? See the fourth focus question.) Status hierarchies often become institutionalised, so that individual members do not engage in ongoing systematic social comparisons. Rather, they simply assume that partic-ular roles or role occupants are of higher status than their own role or themselves. Research into the formation of status hierarchies in newly created groups tends to support this view. Strodtbeck, James and Hawkins (1957) assembled mock juries to consider and render a verdict on transcripts of actual trials. They found that the high-status role of jury foreman almost always went to people who had higher occupational status outside the context of the jury (e.g. teachers or psychologists rather than janitors or mechanics).
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Hierarki status dalam kelompok tidak tetap: mereka dapat bervariasi dari waktu ke waktu, dan juga dari situa-tion dengan situasi. Ambil sebuah orkestra: pemain biola memimpin mungkin memiliki peran tertinggi status di konser, sedangkan perwakilan serikat memiliki peran tertinggi status dalam negosiasi dengan manajemen. Salah satu penjelasan mengapa hierarki status yang muncul begitu mudah dalam kelompok adalah dari segi teori perbandingan sosial (Festinger, 1954; Suls & Miller, 1977) - hierarki Status adalah ekspresi dan refleksi dari intragrup perbandingan sosial. Grup memberikan kolam lain yang relevan dengan siapa kita bisa membuat perbandingan sosial untuk menilai sah-ity pendapat dan kemampuan kita.
Peran tertentu dalam kelompok memiliki lebih kekuasaan dan pengaruh dan, karena mereka ada-kedepan lebih menarik dan diinginkan , memiliki lebih banyak 'pelamar' daripada yang bisa ditampung. Perbandingan sosial sengit pada dimensi perilaku yang relevan dengan peran-peran ini pasti berarti bahwa mayoritas anggota kelompok, yang tidak berhasil dalam secur-ing peran, harus menyimpulkan bahwa mereka kurang mampu dari mereka yang sukses. Sehingga timbullah pandangan bersama bahwa mereka menduduki peran yang menarik lebih unggul sisanya - prestise con-sensual dan status yang tinggi. (Apakah Anda memiliki saran untuk Andrea? Lihat pertanyaan fokus keempat.)
Status hirarki sering menjadi dilembagakan, sehingga anggota individu tidak terlibat dalam perbandingan sosial yang sedang berlangsung sistematis. Sebaliknya, mereka hanya menganggap bahwa peran partic-ular atau penghuni peran yang status lebih tinggi dari peran mereka sendiri atau diri mereka sendiri. Penelitian pembentukan hierarki status dalam kelompok yang baru dibuat cenderung mendukung pandangan ini. Strodtbeck, James dan Hawkins (1957) berkumpul juri tiruan untuk mempertimbangkan dan membuat vonis pada transkrip persidangan yang sebenarnya. Mereka menemukan bahwa peran berstatus tinggi dari juri mandor hampir selalu pergi ke orang-orang yang memiliki status pekerjaan yang lebih tinggi di luar konteks juri (misalnya guru atau psikolog bukan petugas kebersihan atau mekanik).

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