In each relationship, there is at l

In each relationship, there is at least one independent variable (IV) and one dependent variable

(DV). It is normally hypothesized that, in some way, the IV “causes” the DV to occur. It should be

noted, however, that although it is easy to establish whether an IV infl uences a DV, it is much harder

to show that the relationship between an IV and DV is a causal relationship (see also Chapter 6). In

Exhibit 3-3a , this relationship is illustrated by an arrow pointing from the independent variable to

the dependent variable. For simple relationships, all other variables are considered extraneous and

are ignored.

Moderating or Interaction Variables

In actual study situations, however, such a simple one-to-one relationship needs to be conditioned or

revised to take other variables into account. Often, we can use another type of explanatory variable

that is of value here: the moderating variable (MV). A moderating or interaction variable is a second

independent variable that is included because it is believed to have a signifi cant contributory or contin-
gent effect on the original IV–DV relationship. The arrow pointing from the moderating variable to the

arrow between the IV and DV in Exhibit 3-3a shows the difference between an IV directly impacting

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Dalam setiap hubungan, ada setidaknya satu variabel independen (IV) dan satu variabel dependen(DV). ianya biasanya dihipotesiskan itu, dalam beberapa cara, IV "penyebab" DV terjadi. Itu harusdicatat, bagaimanapun, itu meskipun mudah untuk menetapkan apakah IV infl uences DV, itu jauh lebih sulituntuk menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antara IV dan DV hubungan sebab-akibat (Lihat juga Bab 6). DalamPameran 3-3a, hubungan ini diilustrasikan oleh panah menunjuk dari variabel independen untukvariabel dependen. Untuk hubungan sederhana, semua variabel lain dianggap asing dandiabaikan.Moderating atau variabel interaksiDalam situasi aktual studi, namun, seperti hubungan satu-satu sederhana perlu dikondisikan ataudirevisi untuk memperhitungkan variabel-variabel lainnya. Sering kali, kita dapat menggunakan tipe lain dari penjelasan variabelitu adalah nilai di sini: variabel moderat (MV). Moderator atau interaksi variabel adalah keduavariabel independen yang disertakan karena diyakini memiliki ungkapan penyumbang cant atau lokakaryaGent efek pada hubungan IV-DV asli. Tanda panah menunjuk dari variabel moderat untukpanah antara IV dan DV di pameran 3-3a menunjukkan perbedaan antara IV langsung berdampak