Cerebral blood flow is mainly regul

Cerebral blood flow is mainly regulated by nitrergic (parasympathetic, postganglionic) nerves and nitric oxide (NO) liberated from endothelial cells in response to shear stress and stretch of vasculature, whereas sympathetic vasoconstrictor control is quite weak. On the other hand, peripheral vascular resistance and blood flow are mainly controlled by adrenergic vasoconstrictor nerves; endothelium-derived NO and nitrergic nerves play some roles as vasodilator factors. Cigarette smoking impairs NO synthesis in cerebral vascular endothelial cells and nitrergic nerves leading to interference with cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in the brain. Smoking-induced cerebral hypoperfusion is induced by impairment of synthesis and actions of NO via endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/neuronal NOS (nNOS) inhibition and by increased production of oxygen radicals, resulting in decreased actions of NO on vascular smooth muscle. Nicotine acutely and chronically impairs the action of endothelial NO and also inhibits nitrergic nerve function in chronic use. Impaired cerebral blood supply promotes the synthesis of amyloid β that accelerates blood flow decrease. This vicious cycle is thought to be one of the important factors involving in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Quitting smoking is undoubtedly one of the important ways to prevent and delay the genesis or slow the progress of impaired cognitive function and AD.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

aliran darah otak terutama diatur oleh nitrergic (parasimpatis, postganglionik) saraf dan oksida nitrat (NO) dibebaskan dari sel endotel dalam menanggapi tegangan geser dan hamparan pembuluh darah, sedangkan kontrol vasokonstriktor simpatis cukup lemah. Di sisi lain, resistensi pembuluh darah perifer dan aliran darah terutama dikendalikan oleh saraf vasokonstriktor adrenergik; diturunkan endotelium NO dan saraf nitrergic memainkan beberapa peran sebagai faktor vasodilator. Merokok mengganggu NO sintesis pada sel endotel otak pembuluh darah dan saraf nitrergic menyebabkan gangguan aliran darah otak dan metabolisme glukosa di otak. Merokok diinduksi hipoperfusi serebral disebabkan oleh gangguan sintesis dan tindakan NO via synthase endotel nitrat oksida (eNOS) / neuronal NOS (nNOS) penghambatan dan oleh peningkatan produksi radikal oksigen, mengakibatkan tindakan penurunan NO pada otot pembuluh darah halus. Nikotin akut dan kronis mengganggu aksi endotel NO dan juga menghambat fungsi saraf nitrergic digunakan kronis. Gangguan pasokan darah otak meningkatkan sintesis β amiloid yang mempercepat penurunan aliran darah. lingkaran setan ini dianggap salah satu faktor penting yang terlibat dalam penyakit Alzheimer (AD). Berhenti merokok tidak diragukan lagi salah satu cara penting untuk mencegah dan menunda genesis atau memperlambat kemajuan gangguan fungsi kognitif dan AD.