tion on aIl unusual conditions such as shortages or waiting iines for  terjemahan - tion on aIl unusual conditions such as shortages or waiting iines for  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

tion on aIl unusual conditions such

tion on aIl unusual conditions such as shortages or waiting iines for facilities. These were then analyzed so that refim:mentc; could be introduced into the actual operation.
Maffei and Shycon have described their ✓ork in simulating the distribution system for the H. J. Heinz Company." In this case, a large number of products are involved with complex prob¬lems of assembling raw materials, producing the products., and then marketing them through a pipeline that includes accumula¬tion at certain points, with distribution fanning out from such central points. The complexity of a distribution system tor table items such as Heinz products can easily be imagined. Derivi zg an optimum solution for the number and location of warehouses throughout the continental United States would be an utterly im¬possible task. On the other hand, simulation of this distribution system could be accomplished, and on the basis of various "runs," better arrangements and numbers of warehouses could be pro¬grammed.
Establishing flow diagrams and programming the operation of the system for a large-scale computer involved nearly three years of calendar time and many man-years of effol-t. Once ac¬complished, however, the simulation model allowed researchers to vary parameters involved and hence to make decisions c.oncern¬ing the appropriateness of policy changes and possihle benefits to be derived from them.
An extremely importar►t by-product of an exercise such as programming the description of an entire system is the benefit that occurs from merely tracing explicitly the system itself. Most decision makers are not fully aware of all the factors involved in the operations under their control. When these operattons have to be described quantitatively and explicitly, it forces those per¬sons involved to describe the process in complete detail and thereby gain new insight into what they might have considered an entirely familiar operation. While the Heinz study and other simulation exercises are extremely large scale and complex, they deal primarily with only one or a few functions. In this case, the simulation dealt with the distribution problem and did ►ot treat the accumulation of raw materials or the production function."
"Harvey N. Shycon and Richard B. Maffei, "Simulation: Tool for Better Distribu¬tion," iiarv■:rd BilsiHess Rcview, November-December 1960, pp. 65 -75.
2"For additional examples of the application of simulation techniques see Albert N. Schrieber (ed.), Corporate Simulation Models, Graduate School of Business Ad¬ministration, University of Washington, Seattle, 1970. and John M Dutton and William H. Starbuck (eds.), Compuier S►nulatio► of Human Belsatnor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc , New York, 1971.




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tion on aIl unusual conditions such as shortages or waiting iines for facilities. These were then analyzed so that refim:mentc; could be introduced into the actual operation.Maffei and Shycon have described their ✓ork in simulating the distribution system for the H. J. Heinz Company." In this case, a large number of products are involved with complex prob¬lems of assembling raw materials, producing the products., and then marketing them through a pipeline that includes accumula¬tion at certain points, with distribution fanning out from such central points. The complexity of a distribution system tor table items such as Heinz products can easily be imagined. Derivi zg an optimum solution for the number and location of warehouses throughout the continental United States would be an utterly im¬possible task. On the other hand, simulation of this distribution system could be accomplished, and on the basis of various "runs," better arrangements and numbers of warehouses could be pro¬grammed.Establishing flow diagrams and programming the operation of the system for a large-scale computer involved nearly three years of calendar time and many man-years of effol-t. Once ac¬complished, however, the simulation model allowed researchers to vary parameters involved and hence to make decisions c.oncern¬ing the appropriateness of policy changes and possihle benefits to be derived from them.An extremely importar►t by-product of an exercise such as programming the description of an entire system is the benefit that occurs from merely tracing explicitly the system itself. Most decision makers are not fully aware of all the factors involved in the operations under their control. When these operattons have to be described quantitatively and explicitly, it forces those per¬sons involved to describe the process in complete detail and thereby gain new insight into what they might have considered an entirely familiar operation. While the Heinz study and other simulation exercises are extremely large scale and complex, they deal primarily with only one or a few functions. In this case, the simulation dealt with the distribution problem and did ►ot treat the accumulation of raw materials or the production function.""Harvey N. Shycon and Richard B. Maffei, "Simulation: Tool for Better Distribu¬tion," iiarv■:rd BilsiHess Rcview, November-December 1960, pp. 65 -75.2"For additional examples of the application of simulation techniques see Albert N. Schrieber (ed.), Corporate Simulation Models, Graduate School of Business Ad¬ministration, University of Washington, Seattle, 1970. and John M Dutton and William H. Starbuck (eds.), Compuier S►nulatio► of Human Belsatnor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc , New York, 1971.
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tion pada AIL kondisi yang tidak biasa seperti kekurangan atau iines menunggu fasilitas. Ini kemudian dianalisis sehingga refim bahwa: mentc; bisa dimasukkan ke dalam operasi yang sebenarnya.
Maffei dan Shycon telah dijelaskan ✓ork mereka dalam simulasi sistem distribusi untuk HJ Heinz Company. "Dalam hal ini, sejumlah besar produk terlibat dengan prob¬lems kompleks perakitan bahan baku, memproduksi produk., dan kemudian pemasaran mereka melalui pipa yang mencakup accumula¬tion pada titik-titik tertentu, dengan distribusi mengipasi keluar dari titik pusat tersebut. Kompleksitas sistem tor distribusi barang meja seperti produk Heinz dapat dengan mudah dibayangkan. Derivi ZG sebuah solusi optimal untuk jumlah dan lokasi gudang di seluruh benua Amerika Serikat akan menjadi tugas yang benar-benar im¬possible. Di sisi lain, simulasi sistem distribusi ini dapat dicapai, dan atas dasar berbagai "berjalan," pengaturan yang lebih baik dan jumlah gudang bisa pro¬grammed.
Membangun diagram alir dan pemrograman pengoperasian sistem untuk komputer berskala besar melibatkan hampir tiga tahun waktu kalender dan banyak pria-tahun effol-t. Setelah ac¬complished, bagaimanapun, model simulasi memungkinkan peneliti untuk beragam parameter yang terlibat dan karenanya untuk membuat keputusan c.oncern¬ing kesesuaian perubahan kebijakan dan manfaat possihle akan berasal dari mereka.
Sebuah sangat importar►t oleh-produk dari Latihan seperti pemrograman deskripsi dari keseluruhan sistem adalah manfaat yang terjadi dari sekedar menelusuri secara eksplisit sistem itu sendiri. Kebanyakan pengambil keputusan tidak sepenuhnya menyadari semua faktor yang terlibat dalam operasi di bawah kendali mereka. Ketika operattons ini harus dijelaskan secara kuantitatif dan eksplisit, memaksa mereka per¬sons yang terlibat untuk menggambarkan proses secara rinci lengkap dan dengan demikian mendapatkan wawasan baru ke dalam apa yang mereka mungkin telah dianggap sebagai operasi sepenuhnya akrab. Sementara studi Heinz dan latihan simulasi lainnya sangat skala besar dan kompleks, mereka berurusan terutama dengan hanya satu atau beberapa fungsi. Dalam hal ini, simulasi berurusan dengan masalah distribusi dan melakukan ►ot mengobati akumulasi bahan baku atau fungsi produksi ".
"Harvey N. Shycon dan Richard B. Maffei," Simulasi: Alat for Better Distribu¬tion, "iiarv ■:.. rd BilsiHess Rcview, November-Desember 1960, hlm 65 -75
2 "Untuk contoh tambahan dari penerapan teknik simulasi melihat Albert N. Schrieber (red.), Simulasi Perusahaan Model, Graduate School of Business Ad¬ministration, University of Washington, Seattle, 1970. dan John M Dutton dan William H. Starbuck (eds.), Compuier S►nulatio► Manusia Belsatnor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, 1971.




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