BackgroundInsulins are small peptid

Background
Insulins are small peptide hormones with diverse and wideranging
roles in regulating multiple aspects of animal
physiology. Originally purified from ground and filtered
dog pancreas, the significance of insulin became quickly
apparent when Frederick Banting and his laboratory
assistant, Charles Best, used this extract to treat children
suffering from diabetic ketoacidosis (Bliss 1993). This
pioneering work led to the 1923 Nobel Prize in Medicine
and Physiology being awarded to Banting and his mentor
John Macleod. Fifty years passed before the insulin
receptor was identified (Freychet et al. 1971; Kahn et al.
1974). Since these pioneering studies, researchers have
begun to unravel the role of insulin signaling in regulating
metabolism, particularly acting as an anorexigenic signal
that suppresses appetite (Woods et al. 1996). Specifically,
mammalian insulin released from pancreatic beta cells
during satiated states acts in the brain to reduce food intake
and activate catabolic pathways reducing weight gain
(Woods et al. 1996). In the brain, insulin acts on a complex
network of neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus
and affects feeding states (reviewed in Fernandez and
Torres-Aleman 2012). Beyond its classical role in regulating
glucose levels, insulin also regulates longevity, animal
development and neuronal functions (Kimura et al.
1997). In the context of development, peptides of the
insulin superfamily regulate neuronal proliferation, survival
and neurite outgrowth (Hodge et al. 2004; Barres
et al. 1992; Torres-Aleman et al. 1994; Ozdinler and
Macklis 2006). Moreover, insulin signaling modulates
neural circuits and influences their output, as measured by
behavior and neuronal activity in a number of model
organisms (Chen et al. 2013; Oda et al. 2011; Chalasani
et al. 2010; Root et al. 2011; Marks et al. 2009; Ahmadian
et al. 2004; Leinwand and Chalasani 2013).

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

BackgroundInsulins are small peptide hormones with diverse and widerangingroles in regulating multiple aspects of animalphysiology. Originally purified from ground and filtereddog pancreas, the significance of insulin became quicklyapparent when Frederick Banting and his laboratoryassistant, Charles Best, used this extract to treat childrensuffering from diabetic ketoacidosis (Bliss 1993). Thispioneering work led to the 1923 Nobel Prize in Medicineand Physiology being awarded to Banting and his mentorJohn Macleod. Fifty years passed before the insulinreceptor was identified (Freychet et al. 1971; Kahn et al.1974). Since these pioneering studies, researchers havebegun to unravel the role of insulin signaling in regulatingmetabolism, particularly acting as an anorexigenic signalthat suppresses appetite (Woods et al. 1996). Specifically,mammalian insulin released from pancreatic beta cellsduring satiated states acts in the brain to reduce food intakeand activate catabolic pathways reducing weight gain(Woods et al. 1996). In the brain, insulin acts on a complexnetwork of neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleusand affects feeding states (reviewed in Fernandez andTorres-Aleman 2012). Beyond its classical role in regulatingglucose levels, insulin also regulates longevity, animaldevelopment and neuronal functions (Kimura et al.1997). In the context of development, peptides of theinsulin superfamily regulate neuronal proliferation, survivaldan perkembangan neurite (Hodge et al. 2004; Barreset al. 1992; Torres-Aleman et al. 1994; Ozdinler danMacklis 2006). Selain itu, insulin signaling memodulasisaraf sirkuit dan pengaruh output mereka, yang diukur denganperilaku dan aktivitas saraf di sejumlah modelorganisme (Chen et al. 2013; ODA et al. 2011; Chalasaniet al. 2010; Akar et al. 2011; Tanda et al. 2009; Ahmadianet al. 2004; Leinwand dan Chalasani 2013).