Traditionally CBT is seen as a way in which private developers or gove terjemahan - Traditionally CBT is seen as a way in which private developers or gove Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Traditionally CBT is seen as a way

Traditionally CBT is seen as a way in which private developers or government planners can interface with the community in the process of tourism development. This involves local residents and communities not simply as the ―nucleus of the tourism product‖ (Simmons, 1994, p. 98) but as active participants in the process of development. The level and nature of community involvement in tourism development varies dramatically, from degrees of tokenism to full community control (Arnstein, 1969; Connor, 1988; Tosun, 2006). Taking a social-economy approach to CBT moves the role of the community from one of participant in a process enacted by private or government interests to one of entrepreneurial instigator. This independent development of the social economy offers community members a greater degree of autonomy and control compared to forms of top-down tourism development typified by partial forms of participation.
There are several ways to describe the nature and form of the social economy. According to Quarter, Mook, and Richmond (2003), the social economy can be divided into three broad types of organizations or enterprises: public-sector nonprofits, market-based social organizations, and civil-society organizations. These three types of social-economy enterprises cover a range of connections to traditional markets, draw on different revenue sources, and provide a variety of
services. At their core, each of these organizations is focused on services to members above profits, has some degree of volunteer participation, and is driven by social objectives. For example, public-sector nonprofits are related to government agencies yet draw funding from a mix of sources, including grants and private donations. Hospitals and universities fall into this category, as they operate at a distance from governments yet are largely supported by tax dollars. Marketbased social organizations include nonprofit or cooperative organizations, such as credit unions and general service providers such as the YMCA. For these organizations, revenues are generated from the market and surpluses are either returned equally to members or reinvested in the organization. The third category comprises civil-society organizations such as religious groups, unions, and membership-based services. These organizations operate by membership fees or donations to serve a more narrowly defined group or purpose. This broad typology of social-economy enterprises should be considered as one defining characteristic—there are many types and degrees of implementation of the social economy. The following section outlines specific roles where social-economy enterprises can be used to realize rural CBT, first by acting as a support, through developing business capacity and providing access to capital, and second as a vehicle for direct product or service delivery.
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Secara tradisional CBT dipandang sebagai cara di mana para pengembang swasta atau pemerintah perencana bisa berinteraksi dengan masyarakat dalam proses pengembangan pariwisata. Ini melibatkan penduduk setempat dan masyarakat tidak hanya sebagai ―nucleus product‖ pariwisata (Simmons, 1994, ms. 98) tetapi sebagai peserta aktif dalam proses pembangunan. Tingkat dan sifat keterlibatan masyarakat dalam pengembangan pariwisata bervariasi secara dramatis, dari derajat tokenism untuk kontrol penuh masyarakat (Arnstein, 1969; Connor, 1988; Tosun, 2006). Mengambil pendekatan sosial-ekonomi untuk CBT bergerak peran masyarakat dari salah satu peserta dalam proses yang diberlakukan oleh kepentingan pribadi atau pemerintah ke salah satu penghasut kewirausahaan. Pembangunan sosial-ekonomi mandiri menawarkan anggota masyarakat tingkat otonomi dan kontrol dibandingkan dengan bentuk-bentuk pengembangan pariwisata atas ke bawah yang dilambangkan oleh sebagian bentuk partisipasi yang lebih besar. Ada beberapa cara untuk menggambarkan sifat dan bentuk sosial ekonomi. Menurut Quarter, Mook dan Richmond (2003), sosial ekonomi dapat dibagi menjadi tiga jenis yang luas dari organisasi atau perusahaan: sektor publik organisasi nirlaba, organisasi sosial yang berbasis pasar dan organisasi masyarakat sipil. Ketiga jenis usaha sosial-ekonomi mencakup berbagai koneksi ke pasar-pasar tradisional, menggambar pada berbagai sumber pendapatan, dan menyediakan berbagaiLayanan. Pada inti mereka, masing-masing organisasi ini berfokus pada layanan kepada anggota di atas keuntungan, memiliki beberapa tingkat partisipasi sukarela, dan didorong oleh tujuan sosial. Misalnya, sektor publik organisasi nirlaba yang berhubungan dengan instansi pemerintah namun menarik dana dari campuran sumber, termasuk hibah dan sumbangan pribadi. Rumah sakit dan Universitas jatuh ke dalam kategori ini, seperti yang mereka beroperasi pada jarak dari pemerintah, namun sebagian besar didukung oleh pajak dolar. Marketbased organisasi sosial termasuk organisasi nirlaba atau koperasi, seperti Serikat kredit dan penyedia layanan umum seperti YMCA. Untuk organisasi-organisasi ini, pendapatan yang dihasilkan dari pasar dan surplus baik kembali sama kepada anggota atau diinvestasikan kembali dalam organisasi. Kategori ketiga terdiri dari organisasi masyarakat sipil seperti kelompok religius, Serikat pekerja, dan layanan berbasis keanggotaan. Organisasi-organisasi ini beroperasi dengan biaya keanggotaan atau sumbangan untuk melayani lebih sempit didefinisikan kelompok atau tujuan. Pembayangan ini luas perusahaan-perusahaan sosial-ekonomi harus dianggap sebagai satu ciri khas-ada banyak jenis dan derajat pelaksanaan sosial ekonomi. Bagian berikut menguraikan peran dimana perusahaan-perusahaan sosial-ekonomi dapat digunakan untuk mewujudkan pedesaan CBT, pertama dengan bertindak sebagai dukungan, melalui pengembangan kapasitas usaha dan menyediakan akses ke modal, dan kedua sebagai kendaraan untuk langsung produk atau jasa pengiriman.
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Traditionally CBT is seen as a way in which private developers or government planners can interface with the community in the process of tourism development. This involves local residents and communities not simply as the ―nucleus of the tourism product‖ (Simmons, 1994, p. 98) but as active participants in the process of development. The level and nature of community involvement in tourism development varies dramatically, from degrees of tokenism to full community control (Arnstein, 1969; Connor, 1988; Tosun, 2006). Taking a social-economy approach to CBT moves the role of the community from one of participant in a process enacted by private or government interests to one of entrepreneurial instigator. This independent development of the social economy offers community members a greater degree of autonomy and control compared to forms of top-down tourism development typified by partial forms of participation.
There are several ways to describe the nature and form of the social economy. According to Quarter, Mook, and Richmond (2003), the social economy can be divided into three broad types of organizations or enterprises: public-sector nonprofits, market-based social organizations, and civil-society organizations. These three types of social-economy enterprises cover a range of connections to traditional markets, draw on different revenue sources, and provide a variety of
services. At their core, each of these organizations is focused on services to members above profits, has some degree of volunteer participation, and is driven by social objectives. For example, public-sector nonprofits are related to government agencies yet draw funding from a mix of sources, including grants and private donations. Hospitals and universities fall into this category, as they operate at a distance from governments yet are largely supported by tax dollars. Marketbased social organizations include nonprofit or cooperative organizations, such as credit unions and general service providers such as the YMCA. For these organizations, revenues are generated from the market and surpluses are either returned equally to members or reinvested in the organization. The third category comprises civil-society organizations such as religious groups, unions, and membership-based services. These organizations operate by membership fees or donations to serve a more narrowly defined group or purpose. This broad typology of social-economy enterprises should be considered as one defining characteristic—there are many types and degrees of implementation of the social economy. The following section outlines specific roles where social-economy enterprises can be used to realize rural CBT, first by acting as a support, through developing business capacity and providing access to capital, and second as a vehicle for direct product or service delivery.
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