2. NEURON AS AN INTEGRATOR Each neuron is an integrator of stimuli (ne terjemahan - 2. NEURON AS AN INTEGRATOR Each neuron is an integrator of stimuli (ne Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

2. NEURON AS AN INTEGRATOR Each neu

2. NEURON AS AN INTEGRATOR
Each neuron is an integrator of stimuli (neurotransmitters) streaming into its dendritic field and onto its cell body (Fig. 3.11). Some of the receptive patches (subsynaptic membranes) on the dendrites and cell body are excitatory; others are inhibitory. In addition, as will be described, presynaptic inhibitory activity could indirectly affect some excitatory receptive sites. At any one moment, a neuron might receive hundreds or even thousands of stimuli on its excitatory and inhibitory membrane sites.
Most neurons are under constant synaptic bombardment. In this battleground of activity, the neuron reacts and might respond. If the summation of the EPSPs exceeds the summation of the IPSPs, the initial segment of the axon might be excited to initiate the production of an action potential (Fig. 3.5). If the algebraic summation of these potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) is not sufficient to stimulate the initial segment, an action potential is not generated in the axon. The depolarization of the initial segment to the critical voltage is a prerequisite to the generation of an action potential. Thus, each dendrite–cell body complex of a neuron is a miniature integration center; it will respond with an action potential according to the net effect of the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity on the receptive membrane of the neuron.
The axon is the vehicle for signaling coded information, via action potentials, from the dendrite–cell body complex to other neurons or effectors (muscles or gland cells).
Each postsynaptic membrane of the signaled neurons and effectors contains hundreds or even thousands of receptor sites. Each receptor site, which is composed of macromolecular proteins acting as specialized decoders, responds to a given stimulus in its own, probably predetermined way. For example, acetylcholine is an excitatory agent at a motor end plate (contraction of voluntary muscle) and an inhibitory agent at the synapses of the vagus
nerve with heart tissue (decrease in heart rate).
A neuron can, in turn, be influenced by its own activity through a negative feedback loop involving an interneuron (Fig. 3.11). For example, an interneuron called a Renshaw cell is intercalated between an axon collateral branch of a lower motoneuron of the spinal cord and the dendrite–cell body region of the same motoneuron, and other motoneurons. The axon collateral terminates at an excitatory synapse on the Renshaw cell; the axons of this cell have, in turn, inhibitory synaptic connections with the parent lower motoneuron (Chap. 10).
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2. NEURON AS AN INTEGRATOR Each neuron is an integrator of stimuli (neurotransmitters) streaming into its dendritic field and onto its cell body (Fig. 3.11). Some of the receptive patches (subsynaptic membranes) on the dendrites and cell body are excitatory; others are inhibitory. In addition, as will be described, presynaptic inhibitory activity could indirectly affect some excitatory receptive sites. At any one moment, a neuron might receive hundreds or even thousands of stimuli on its excitatory and inhibitory membrane sites. Most neurons are under constant synaptic bombardment. In this battleground of activity, the neuron reacts and might respond. If the summation of the EPSPs exceeds the summation of the IPSPs, the initial segment of the axon might be excited to initiate the production of an action potential (Fig. 3.5). If the algebraic summation of these potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) is not sufficient to stimulate the initial segment, an action potential is not generated in the axon. The depolarization of the initial segment to the critical voltage is a prerequisite to the generation of an action potential. Thus, each dendrite–cell body complex of a neuron is a miniature integration center; it will respond with an action potential according to the net effect of the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity on the receptive membrane of the neuron.The axon is the vehicle for signaling coded information, via action potentials, from the dendrite–cell body complex to other neurons or effectors (muscles or gland cells). Each postsynaptic membrane of the signaled neurons and effectors contains hundreds or even thousands of receptor sites. Each receptor site, which is composed of macromolecular proteins acting as specialized decoders, responds to a given stimulus in its own, probably predetermined way. For example, acetylcholine is an excitatory agent at a motor end plate (contraction of voluntary muscle) and an inhibitory agent at the synapses of the vagusnerve with heart tissue (decrease in heart rate). A neuron can, in turn, be influenced by its own activity through a negative feedback loop involving an interneuron (Fig. 3.11). For example, an interneuron called a Renshaw cell is intercalated between an axon collateral branch of a lower motoneuron of the spinal cord and the dendrite–cell body region of the same motoneuron, and other motoneurons. The axon collateral terminates at an excitatory synapse on the Renshaw cell; the axons of this cell have, in turn, inhibitory synaptic connections with the parent lower motoneuron (Chap. 10).
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2. NEURON AS INTEGRATOR AN
Setiap neuron adalah integrator rangsangan (neurotransmitter) mengalir ke bidang dendritik dan ke sel tubuh (Gbr. 3.11). Beberapa patch reseptif (membran subsynaptic) pada dendrit dan sel tubuh yang rangsang; lain penghambatan. Selain itu, seperti yang akan dijelaskan, aktivitas penghambatan presinaptik bisa secara tidak langsung mempengaruhi beberapa situs reseptif rangsang. Pada setiap satu saat, neuron mungkin menerima ratusan atau bahkan ribuan rangsangan pada rangsang dan penghambatan situs membran.
Sebagian besar neuron berada di bawah pemboman sinaptik konstan. Dalam pertempuran ini aktivitas, neuron bereaksi dan mungkin menanggapi. Jika penjumlahan dari EPSPs melebihi penjumlahan dari IPSPs, segmen awal akson mungkin bersemangat untuk memulai produksi potensial aksi (Gambar. 3.5). Jika penjumlahan aljabar dari potensi ini (EPSPs dan IPSPs) tidak cukup untuk merangsang segmen awal, potensial aksi tidak dihasilkan dalam akson. Depolarisasi segmen awal untuk tegangan kritis merupakan prasyarat untuk generasi potensial aksi. Dengan demikian, setiap kompleks sel tubuh-dendrit dari neuron merupakan pusat integrasi miniatur; akan merespon dengan potensial aksi sesuai dengan efek bersih dari aktivitas sinaptik rangsang dan penghambatan pada membran menerima neuron.
akson adalah kendaraan untuk menandakan kode informasi, melalui potensial aksi, dari kompleks sel tubuh-dendrit ke lainnya neuron atau efektor (otot atau sel kelenjar).
Masing-masing membran postsinaptik neuron mengisyaratkan dan efektor berisi ratusan atau bahkan ribuan situs reseptor. Setiap situs reseptor, yang terdiri dari protein makromolekul bertindak sebagai decoder khusus, merespon stimulus yang diberikan dalam sendiri, cara yang mungkin telah ditentukan. Sebagai contoh, asetilkolin merupakan agen rangsang di piring akhir motor (kontraksi otot sukarela) dan agen penghambatan pada sinapsis dari vagus
saraf dengan jaringan jantung (penurunan denyut jantung).
Sebuah neuron dapat, pada gilirannya, dipengaruhi oleh aktivitasnya sendiri melalui umpan balik negatif yang melibatkan interneuron (Gbr. 3.11). Sebagai contoh, sebuah interneuron disebut sel Renshaw yang diselingi antara jaminan cabang akson dari motoneuron lebih rendah dari sumsum tulang belakang dan daerah tubuh sel dendrit dari motoneuron yang sama, dan motorik lainnya. Akson jaminan berakhir pada sinaps rangsang pada sel Renshaw; akson sel ini memiliki, pada gilirannya, koneksi sinaptik penghambatan dengan motoneuron orang tua lebih rendah (Chap. 10).
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