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2. NEURON AS AN INTEGRATOR Each neuron is an integrator of stimuli (neurotransmitters) streaming into its dendritic field and onto its cell body (Fig. 3.11). Some of the receptive patches (subsynaptic membranes) on the dendrites and cell body are excitatory; others are inhibitory. In addition, as will be described, presynaptic inhibitory activity could indirectly affect some excitatory receptive sites. At any one moment, a neuron might receive hundreds or even thousands of stimuli on its excitatory and inhibitory membrane sites. Most neurons are under constant synaptic bombardment. In this battleground of activity, the neuron reacts and might respond. If the summation of the EPSPs exceeds the summation of the IPSPs, the initial segment of the axon might be excited to initiate the production of an action potential (Fig. 3.5). If the algebraic summation of these potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) is not sufficient to stimulate the initial segment, an action potential is not generated in the axon. The depolarization of the initial segment to the critical voltage is a prerequisite to the generation of an action potential. Thus, each dendrite–cell body complex of a neuron is a miniature integration center; it will respond with an action potential according to the net effect of the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity on the receptive membrane of the neuron.The axon is the vehicle for signaling coded information, via action potentials, from the dendrite–cell body complex to other neurons or effectors (muscles or gland cells). Each postsynaptic membrane of the signaled neurons and effectors contains hundreds or even thousands of receptor sites. Each receptor site, which is composed of macromolecular proteins acting as specialized decoders, responds to a given stimulus in its own, probably predetermined way. For example, acetylcholine is an excitatory agent at a motor end plate (contraction of voluntary muscle) and an inhibitory agent at the synapses of the vagusnerve with heart tissue (decrease in heart rate). A neuron can, in turn, be influenced by its own activity through a negative feedback loop involving an interneuron (Fig. 3.11). For example, an interneuron called a Renshaw cell is intercalated between an axon collateral branch of a lower motoneuron of the spinal cord and the dendrite–cell body region of the same motoneuron, and other motoneurons. The axon collateral terminates at an excitatory synapse on the Renshaw cell; the axons of this cell have, in turn, inhibitory synaptic connections with the parent lower motoneuron (Chap. 10).
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