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How many different types of customer may there be for a systems development project? Who are they? What kind of relationship and reporting arrangements should the project manager have with the sponsor?

Depending on the specific project, the ‘customers’ could include some or all of the following:
• The management of the organisation that has commissioned the project, who will be interested in the achievement of the benefits described in the business case.
• The users of the proposed information system, who will probably mainly be interested in its effects on their jobs.
• The end-customers of the organisation commissioning the project, who will be interested in how it affects the ‘customer experience’.
• Managers and others in other departments indirectly affected by the project.

The sponsor of a project represents the management of the organisation that commissioned it. Thus, she or he is THE customer for the project manager and it is important that they have a good, frank and effective working relationship. The sponsor and project manager should agree between themselves a suitable timescale and framework for reporting but, typically, this would involve a regular written report supplemented by a meeting where issues can be discussed face-to-face. The frequency of reporting will clearly depend on the overall size and timescale of the project; one with a total duration of a month or so will probably require weekly reports but, for a project spanning several months, a monthly reporting cycle may be sufficient.

Q2 Describe the roles of (a) the sponsor and (b) the project manager
(a) The sponsor’s role is to represent the organisation commissioning the project and to make the major business decisions concerning it. The sponsor should approve the original project initiation document and decide on any subsequent changes of scope. The sponsor is also the ‘internal champion’ of the project and may, on occasion, have to ‘knock heads together’ where various users cannot agree on the project’s direction. At the end of the project, it is the sponsor who must accept from the project teams the various deliverables specified.

(b) The project manager is responsible for the day-to-day management of the project within constraints laid down by the sponsor. It is a good idea for the project manager to be given some tolerances within which to operate – for example, a completion deadline of 1st March with permission to delay until 1st April if necessary. Essentially, it is the project manager’s job to ensure that the defined scope of the project is delivered within timescale and budget.

Q3 What are the principal problems of managing projects within a completely functional organisation structure?
The main problems of functional organisations are to do with what may be termed a ‘silo mentality’, whereby people pursue functional, rather than organisational, objectives. In addition, people may have little knowledge of – or interest in – things outside of their functional specialism.

The problem with managing a project in this environment is that, if the project is run from within one function, people from other functions may not cooperate fully with it, or may even work to frustrate it. If the project is cross-functional, the project manager may face interference from line managers in the various functions.
Q4 What are the pros and cons of a ‘pure’ project organisation compared with a project operating within a matrix structure
A ‘pure’ project organisation contains within itself all of the resources needed to complete the project’s objectives. Thus, the project manager has the whole project under his or her direct control. However, the project may be inefficient in its use of resources, since one cannot have less than one resource of a particular type even if there is not a full-time job for that person. In addition, project team members often suffer from a feeling of insecurity, not knowing what will happen to them at the end of the project. Finally, the project may become somewhat detached from – and possibly resented by – the rest of the organisation.

A project operating within a matrix structure tends to be more resource efficient since it is perfectly feasible, say, to have the part-time services of a particular specialist. Team members also do not lose touch with their ‘home’ functions. The main problems with matrix structures stem from people having more than one manager, leading to difficulties in prioritisation of effort and time management.

Q5 2 In a PRINCE2® project structure there are formal committees, a project board and specific roles. What is your opinion about the value of this kind of arrangement? How do you see it working in large and small projects? Could it be useful for projects outside IT?
The use of established roles within the PRINCE2® environment usually smoothes setting up a project, since people get to understand what is required of, for example, the
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How many different types of customer may there be for a systems development project? Who are they? What kind of relationship and reporting arrangements should the project manager have with the sponsor?Depending on the specific project, the ‘customers’ could include some or all of the following:• The management of the organisation that has commissioned the project, who will be interested in the achievement of the benefits described in the business case.• The users of the proposed information system, who will probably mainly be interested in its effects on their jobs.• The end-customers of the organisation commissioning the project, who will be interested in how it affects the ‘customer experience’.• Managers and others in other departments indirectly affected by the project.The sponsor of a project represents the management of the organisation that commissioned it. Thus, she or he is THE customer for the project manager and it is important that they have a good, frank and effective working relationship. The sponsor and project manager should agree between themselves a suitable timescale and framework for reporting but, typically, this would involve a regular written report supplemented by a meeting where issues can be discussed face-to-face. The frequency of reporting will clearly depend on the overall size and timescale of the project; one with a total duration of a month or so will probably require weekly reports but, for a project spanning several months, a monthly reporting cycle may be sufficient.Q2 Describe the roles of (a) the sponsor and (b) the project manager(a) The sponsor’s role is to represent the organisation commissioning the project and to make the major business decisions concerning it. The sponsor should approve the original project initiation document and decide on any subsequent changes of scope. The sponsor is also the ‘internal champion’ of the project and may, on occasion, have to ‘knock heads together’ where various users cannot agree on the project’s direction. At the end of the project, it is the sponsor who must accept from the project teams the various deliverables specified.(b) The project manager is responsible for the day-to-day management of the project within constraints laid down by the sponsor. It is a good idea for the project manager to be given some tolerances within which to operate – for example, a completion deadline of 1st March with permission to delay until 1st April if necessary. Essentially, it is the project manager’s job to ensure that the defined scope of the project is delivered within timescale and budget.Q3 What are the principal problems of managing projects within a completely functional organisation structure?The main problems of functional organisations are to do with what may be termed a ‘silo mentality’, whereby people pursue functional, rather than organisational, objectives. In addition, people may have little knowledge of – or interest in – things outside of their functional specialism.The problem with managing a project in this environment is that, if the project is run from within one function, people from other functions may not cooperate fully with it, or may even work to frustrate it. If the project is cross-functional, the project manager may face interference from line managers in the various functions.Q4 What are the pros and cons of a ‘pure’ project organisation compared with a project operating within a matrix structureA ‘pure’ project organisation contains within itself all of the resources needed to complete the project’s objectives. Thus, the project manager has the whole project under his or her direct control. However, the project may be inefficient in its use of resources, since one cannot have less than one resource of a particular type even if there is not a full-time job for that person. In addition, project team members often suffer from a feeling of insecurity, not knowing what will happen to them at the end of the project. Finally, the project may become somewhat detached from – and possibly resented by – the rest of the organisation.A project operating within a matrix structure tends to be more resource efficient since it is perfectly feasible, say, to have the part-time services of a particular specialist. Team members also do not lose touch with their ‘home’ functions. The main problems with matrix structures stem from people having more than one manager, leading to difficulties in prioritisation of effort and time management.Q5 2 In a PRINCE2® project structure there are formal committees, a project board and specific roles. What is your opinion about the value of this kind of arrangement? How do you see it working in large and small projects? Could it be useful for projects outside IT?The use of established roles within the PRINCE2® environment usually smoothes setting up a project, since people get to understand what is required of, for example, the
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Berapa banyak yang berbeda jenis pelanggan mungkin ada untuk proyek pengembangan sistem? Siapa mereka? Apa hubungan dan pelaporan pengaturan harus manajer proyek harus dengan sponsor?

Tergantung pada proyek tertentu, 'pelanggan' dapat mencakup beberapa atau semua hal berikut:
• Manajemen organisasi yang telah menugaskan proyek, yang akan tertarik pada pencapaian manfaat yang dijelaskan dalam kasus bisnis.
• pengguna sistem informasi yang diusulkan, yang mungkin akan terutama tertarik dampaknya pada pekerjaan mereka.
• akhir-pelanggan dari organisasi komisioning proyek, yang akan tertarik pada bagaimana hal itu mempengaruhi pengalaman pelanggan.
• Manajer dan lain-lain di departemen lain secara tidak langsung terkena proyek.

sponsor proyek mewakili manajemen organisasi yang ditugaskan itu. Dengan demikian, dia atau dia adalah THE pelanggan untuk manajer proyek dan penting bahwa mereka memiliki hubungan kerja yang baik, jujur ​​dan efektif. Sponsor dan manajer proyek harus setuju di antara mereka skala waktu yang cocok dan kerangka kerja untuk pelaporan tetapi, biasanya, ini akan melibatkan laporan tertulis biasa dilengkapi dengan sebuah pertemuan di mana masalah dapat didiskusikan tatap muka. Frekuensi pelaporan akan jelas tergantung pada ukuran keseluruhan dan skala waktu proyek; satu dengan total durasi satu bulan atau lebih mungkin akan memerlukan laporan mingguan tetapi, untuk proyek yang mencakup beberapa bulan, siklus pelaporan bulanan mungkin cukup.

Q2 Jelaskan peran dari (a) sponsor dan (b) manajer proyek
( a) peran sponsor adalah untuk mewakili organisasi komisioning proyek dan untuk membuat keputusan bisnis utama tentang hal itu. Sponsor harus menyetujui dokumen inisiasi proyek asli dan memutuskan setiap perubahan selanjutnya dari ruang lingkup. Sponsor juga merupakan 'juara internal proyek dan mungkin, pada kesempatan, harus' mengetuk kepala bersama-sama 'di mana berbagai pengguna tidak dapat menyepakati arah proyek. Pada akhir proyek, itu adalah sponsor yang harus menerima dari tim proyek berbagai kiriman yang ditentukan.

(B) Manajer proyek bertanggung jawab atas manajemen sehari-hari dari proyek dalam batasan yang ditetapkan oleh sponsor. Ini adalah ide yang baik untuk manajer proyek akan diberikan beberapa toleransi di mana untuk beroperasi - misalnya, batas waktu penyelesaian 1 Maret dengan izin untuk menunda sampai dengan 1 April jika perlu. Pada dasarnya, itu adalah tugas manajer proyek untuk memastikan bahwa ruang lingkup didefinisikan dari proyek ini disampaikan dalam skala waktu dan anggaran.

Q3 Apa masalah utama pengelolaan proyek dalam struktur organisasi benar-benar fungsional?
Masalah utama organisasi fungsional yang harus dilakukan dengan apa yang dapat disebut sebagai 'silo mentalitas', dimana orang mengejar fungsional, bukan organisasi, tujuan. Selain itu, orang mungkin memiliki sedikit pengetahuan tentang - atau kepentingan dalam - hal di luar spesialisasi fungsional mereka.

Masalah dengan mengelola proyek di lingkungan ini adalah bahwa, jika proyek tersebut dijalankan dari dalam satu fungsi, orang-orang dari fungsi lain mungkin tidak bekerja sama sepenuhnya dengan itu, atau bahkan mungkin bekerja untuk menggagalkan itu. Jika proyek ini adalah lintas fungsional, manajer proyek mungkin menghadapi gangguan dari manajer lini dalam berbagai fungsi.
Q4 Apa pro dan kontra dari organisasi proyek 'murni' dibandingkan dengan proyek yang beroperasi di dalam struktur matriks
Sebuah proyek 'murni' organisasi mengandung dalam dirinya sendiri semua sumber daya yang dibutuhkan untuk menyelesaikan tujuan proyek. Dengan demikian, manajer proyek memiliki seluruh proyek di bawah kontrol langsung nya. Namun, proyek mungkin tidak efisien dalam penggunaan sumber daya, karena seseorang tidak dapat memiliki kurang dari satu sumber daya dari jenis tertentu bahkan jika tidak ada pekerjaan penuh waktu untuk orang tersebut. Selain itu, anggota tim proyek sering menderita rasa tidak aman, tidak tahu apa yang akan terjadi kepada mereka pada akhir proyek. Akhirnya, proyek dapat menjadi agak terlepas dari - dan mungkin dibenci oleh -. Sisa organisasi

Sebuah proyek yang beroperasi dalam struktur matriks cenderung lebih sumber daya yang efisien karena sempurna layak, katakanlah, untuk memiliki layanan paruh waktu dari spesialis tertentu. Anggota tim juga tidak kehilangan kontak dengan fungsi 'rumah' mereka. Masalah utama dengan struktur matriks berasal dari orang-orang yang memiliki lebih dari satu manajer, menyebabkan kesulitan dalam prioritas usaha dan manajemen waktu.

Q5 2 Dalam struktur proyek PRINCE2® ada komite formal, papan proyek dan peran tertentu. Apa pendapat Anda tentang nilai jenis pengaturan? Bagaimana Anda melihatnya bekerja di proyek-proyek besar dan kecil? Mungkinkah berguna untuk proyek-proyek di luar IT?
Penggunaan peran didirikan dalam lingkungan PRINCE2® biasanya menghaluskan menyiapkan sebuah proyek, karena orang bisa memahami apa yang dibutuhkan, misalnya,
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