A further problem is that in the idiom model, an interpretation that t terjemahan - A further problem is that in the idiom model, an interpretation that t Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

A further problem is that in the id

A further problem is that in the idiom model, an interpretation that takes into account the literal meaning or the direct illocutionary force of an indirect speech act is not allowed. This, however, leaves examples like (4.50) unexplained.
(4.50) A: can you pass the salt?
B: yes, I can. (here it is.)
4.6.3. Why is an indirect speech act used?
Some remaks on politeness
Why, then, do people use indirect speech acts? One answer is that the use of indirect speech acts is in general associated with politeness. Indirect speech act are usuallly considered to be more polite than their direct counterparts. Furthermore, the more indirect a speech act, the more polite.
There is an extensive literature on politeness (see, e.g., DuFon et al. 1994 for a bibliography on politeness covering publications up to the early 1990s), and this is not the place for me to give a full review of it. Instead,
This can be illustrated by English. Consider (i)-(v).
(i) Call Lucy a taxi, please.
(ii) Will you call Lucy a taxi?
(iii) Would you call Lucy a taxi?
(iv) Would you mind calling Lucy a taxi?
(v) I wonder if you,d mind calling Lucy a taxi?
The speech act of requesting is performed more indirectly, for example, using (iii) than using (i), and therefore the utterance in (iii) is considered more polite than that in (i). But this may not be the case with, say, polish, as argued by, e.g., Wierzbicka (1991). Jaszczolt (2002: 307) pointed out that (vi) ang (vii) in polish are equivalent in politeness and in commonality to (viii) in English (see also Sifianou 1992 on Greek).
(vi) Saidaj.
Sit down
(vii) Usiadz prosze
Sit down plase
(viii) Will you sit down?
This raises the question of whether or not indirect speech act are universally more polite than their direct counterparts.
In what follows, I shall provide a brief discussion of politeness with special reference to speech acts.
Currently,there are four main theoritical models of politeness; (i) the social norm model, (ii) the conversational maxim model (e.g., Leech 1983, 2003) (see note 12 in chapter 2), (iii) the face-saving model (Brown and Levinson 1978, 1987) and (iv) the conversational contract model (e.g., Fraser 1990). (See also watts 2003 for a social practice model) of these four models, the most influential and comprehensive is brown and levinsons now classic face saving model.
At the heart of brown and levinson theory of politeness lies gofffmans (1967) sociological notion of face. Simply put face is the public selft image that every member wants to claim for himselft (brown and Levinson 1987: 61). State in another way, face means roughly an individuals selft esteem. Furthermore, there are two aspects to face. First, positive face, which represents an individuals desire to be acepted and like by others. When one uses positive politeness, one tends to choose the speech strategies that emphasize ones solidarity with the addressee. These strategies include claiming common ground with the addressee, conveying that the speakers and the addresses are co-operators and satisfying the addressees wants (brown and lenvinson 1987: 101-29). Second, there is negative face, which refers to an individual right to freedom af action and his or her need not to be imposed on by others. Negative politeness orients to maintaining the negative face others.


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A further problem is that in the idiom model, an interpretation that takes into account the literal meaning or the direct illocutionary force of an indirect speech act is not allowed. This, however, leaves examples like (4.50) unexplained.(4.50) A: can you pass the salt? B: yes, I can. (here it is.)4.6.3. Why is an indirect speech act used? Some remaks on politenessWhy, then, do people use indirect speech acts? One answer is that the use of indirect speech acts is in general associated with politeness. Indirect speech act are usuallly considered to be more polite than their direct counterparts. Furthermore, the more indirect a speech act, the more polite.There is an extensive literature on politeness (see, e.g., DuFon et al. 1994 for a bibliography on politeness covering publications up to the early 1990s), and this is not the place for me to give a full review of it. Instead, This can be illustrated by English. Consider (i)-(v).(i) Call Lucy a taxi, please.(ii) Will you call Lucy a taxi?(iii) Would you call Lucy a taxi?(iv) Would you mind calling Lucy a taxi?(v) I wonder if you,d mind calling Lucy a taxi?The speech act of requesting is performed more indirectly, for example, using (iii) than using (i), and therefore the utterance in (iii) is considered more polite than that in (i). But this may not be the case with, say, polish, as argued by, e.g., Wierzbicka (1991). Jaszczolt (2002: 307) pointed out that (vi) ang (vii) in polish are equivalent in politeness and in commonality to (viii) in English (see also Sifianou 1992 on Greek).(vi) Saidaj.Sit down(vii) Usiadz proszeSit down plase(viii) Will you sit down?This raises the question of whether or not indirect speech act are universally more polite than their direct counterparts.In what follows, I shall provide a brief discussion of politeness with special reference to speech acts.Currently,there are four main theoritical models of politeness; (i) the social norm model, (ii) the conversational maxim model (e.g., Leech 1983, 2003) (see note 12 in chapter 2), (iii) the face-saving model (Brown and Levinson 1978, 1987) and (iv) the conversational contract model (e.g., Fraser 1990). (See also watts 2003 for a social practice model) of these four models, the most influential and comprehensive is brown and levinsons now classic face saving model.At the heart of brown and levinson theory of politeness lies gofffmans (1967) sociological notion of face. Simply put face is the public selft image that every member wants to claim for himselft (brown and Levinson 1987: 61). State in another way, face means roughly an individuals selft esteem. Furthermore, there are two aspects to face. First, positive face, which represents an individuals desire to be acepted and like by others. When one uses positive politeness, one tends to choose the speech strategies that emphasize ones solidarity with the addressee. These strategies include claiming common ground with the addressee, conveying that the speakers and the addresses are co-operators and satisfying the addressees wants (brown and lenvinson 1987: 101-29). Second, there is negative face, which refers to an individual right to freedom af action and his or her need not to be imposed on by others. Negative politeness orients to maintaining the negative face others.
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Masalah selanjutnya adalah bahwa dalam model idiom, interpretasi yang memperhitungkan arti harfiah atau kekuatan ilokusi langsung dari tindak tutur tidak langsung tidak diperbolehkan. Ini, bagaimanapun, daun contoh seperti (4.50) dijelaskan.
(4,50) A: Anda dapat lulus garam
B: ya, aku bisa. (ini dia.)
4.6.3. Mengapa sebuah tindak tutur tidak langsung digunakan?
Beberapa remaks pada kesopanan
mengapa, kemudian, orang menggunakan tindak tutur tidak langsung? Salah satu jawabannya adalah bahwa penggunaan tindak tutur tidak langsung pada umumnya terkait dengan kesopanan. Tidak langsung tindak tutur yang usuallly dianggap lebih sopan daripada rekan-rekan langsung mereka. Selain itu, lebih tidak langsung suatu tindak tutur, yang lebih sopan.
Ada literatur yang luas tentang kesopanan (lihat, misalnya, DuFon et al. 1994 untuk bibliografi pada kesopanan meliputi publikasi hingga awal 1990-an), dan ini bukan tempat bagi saya untuk memberikan ulasan lengkap dari itu. Sebaliknya,
ini dapat diilustrasikan dengan bahasa Inggris. Pertimbangkan (i) -. (V)
. (I) Hubungi Lucy taksi, silakan
(ii) Apakah Anda memanggil Lucy taksi?
(Iii) Apakah Anda memanggil Lucy taksi?
(Iv) Maukah Anda memanggil Lucy taksi?
(v) aku ingin tahu apakah Anda, d pikiran memanggil Lucy taksi?
pidato tindakan meminta dilakukan lebih tidak langsung, misalnya, menggunakan (iii) daripada menggunakan (i), dan karena itu ucapan di (iii) dianggap lebih sopan selain itu di (i). Tapi ini mungkin tidak menjadi kasus dengan, katakanlah, Polandia, sebagaimana didalilkan, misalnya, Wierzbicka (1991). Jaszczolt (2002: 307). Menunjukkan bahwa (vi) ang (vii) di Polandia yang setara dalam kesantunan dan kesamaan untuk (viii) dalam bahasa Inggris (lihat juga Sifianou 1992 tentang Yunani)
. (Vi) Saidaj
Duduk
(vii) Usiadz prosze
Duduklah plase
(viii) apakah Anda duduk?
Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah atau tidak langsung tindak tutur secara universal lebih sopan daripada rekan-rekan langsung mereka.
Di bawah ini, saya akan memberikan diskusi singkat kesopanan dengan referensi khusus untuk pidato . bertindak
Saat ini, ada empat model teoritis utama kesantunan; (i) model norma sosial, (ii) model pepatah percakapan (misalnya, Leech 1983, 2003) (lihat catatan 12 dalam bab 2), (iii) model menyelamatkan muka (Brown dan Levinson 1978, 1987) dan ( iv) model kontrak percakapan (misalnya, Fraser 1990). (Lihat juga watt 2003 untuk model praktek sosial) dari empat model tersebut, yang paling berpengaruh dan komprehensif coklat dan levinsons sekarang klasik wajah menyimpan model.
Di jantung coklat dan levinson teori kesantunan terletak gofffmans (1967) pengertian sosiologis wajah . Sederhananya wajah adalah gambar selft publik bahwa setiap anggota ingin mengklaim untuk himselft (coklat dan Levinson 1987: 61). Negara dengan cara lain, wajah berarti kira-kira satu individu selft harga. Selain itu, ada dua aspek untuk menghadapi. Pertama, wajah positif, yang merupakan individu keinginan untuk acepted dan seperti orang lain. Ketika seseorang menggunakan kesopanan positif, satu cenderung memilih strategi pidato yang menekankan solidaritas orang-orang dengan alamat yang dituju. Strategi ini termasuk mengklaim kesamaan dengan penerima, menyampaikan bahwa speaker dan alamat yang co-operator dan memuaskan petutur ingin (coklat dan lenvinson 1987: 101-29). Kedua, ada wajah negatif, yang mengacu pada hak individu untuk bertindak kebebasan af dan nya tidak perlu untuk dikenakan oleh orang lain. Kesopanan negatif berorientasi pada mempertahankan negatif wajah orang lain.


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