48What Is Ethics?however, the action is not clear. Assume that by taki terjemahan - 48What Is Ethics?however, the action is not clear. Assume that by taki Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

48What Is Ethics?however, the actio

48
What Is Ethics?
however, the action is not clear. Assume that by taking this ethics course, you
could not keep a promise to your children to go on vacation this spring. In
that case, taking the course might benefit you but be unfair to your children.
Thus, circumstances can alter the appraisal of an action. In situations like this,
when there are reasons for doing something and reasons for not doing it, we
are faced with an
ethical dilemma
.
An ethical dilemma is a problem that arises
when a reason to act in a certain way is offset by a reason not to act that way.
To resolve these dilemmas, ethicists rely on what they consider the primary
ethical principle underlying the action. Thus, when faced with a conflict, ethi-
cists who give precedence to rights or fairness over harm fall into one camp,
and those who give precedence to benefits over rights or fairness fall into an
opposing camp. For example, drug testing may prevent harm – a good reason
for doing it – but it may violate a right to privacy – a good reason for not do-
ing it. Blowing the whistle on a firm’s fraudulent accounting procedures may
prevent harm as well as fulfill the accountant’s responsibility to the general
public, but it might violate the accountant’s sense of loyalty to the company.
For those who give precedence to harm considerations, there is a reason to
blow the whistle. For those who give precedence to rights considerations, there
is a reason not to do so.
Thus, ethical dilemmas occur when there is a conflict of reasons, and ethical
theories arose to resolve dilemmas. Each rival ethical theory maintains that
when there is a conflict of reasons, there is an overriding reason that takes
precedence over all other reasons. That reason is articulated in the principle
that expresses the theory. Those who appeal to fairness and rights over con-
sequences are called deontologists. Those who appeal to consequences over
fairness and rights are called consequentialists. Let us look at a classic dilemma
to see how ethical theories are involved in its solution.
X Some Classic Moral Dilemmas
The story of Jean Valjean in Victor Hugo’s
Les Miserables
is a classic moral
dilemma. Valjean, an ex- prisoner living under an assumed name, has been in
violation of parole for years and is being hunted relentlessly by a police officer
named Javert. Javert, passionately committed to upholding the law, is obsessed
with tracking Valjean down and has reason to suspect that Monsieur Mad-
eleine – the mayor of a small French town and owner/manager of the town
factory – is the prisoner he seeks. To entrap Valjean (Madeleine), Javert lets it
be known that an innocent vagrant is about to be identified as Valjean. Valjean
realizes that if he does not reveal his true identity, an innocent man will go
to prison in his stead. What should Valjean do? It certainly won’t benefit him
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48What Is Ethics?however, the action is not clear. Assume that by taking this ethics course, youcould not keep a promise to your children to go on vacation this spring. Inthat case, taking the course might benefit you but be unfair to your children.Thus, circumstances can alter the appraisal of an action. In situations like this,when there are reasons for doing something and reasons for not doing it, weare faced with anethical dilemma.An ethical dilemma is a problem that ariseswhen a reason to act in a certain way is offset by a reason not to act that way.To resolve these dilemmas, ethicists rely on what they consider the primaryethical principle underlying the action. Thus, when faced with a conflict, ethi-cists who give precedence to rights or fairness over harm fall into one camp,and those who give precedence to benefits over rights or fairness fall into anopposing camp. For example, drug testing may prevent harm – a good reasonfor doing it – but it may violate a right to privacy – a good reason for not do-ing it. Blowing the whistle on a firm’s fraudulent accounting procedures mayprevent harm as well as fulfill the accountant’s responsibility to the generalpublic, but it might violate the accountant’s sense of loyalty to the company.For those who give precedence to harm considerations, there is a reason toblow the whistle. For those who give precedence to rights considerations, thereis a reason not to do so.Thus, ethical dilemmas occur when there is a conflict of reasons, and ethicaltheories arose to resolve dilemmas. Each rival ethical theory maintains thatwhen there is a conflict of reasons, there is an overriding reason that takesprecedence over all other reasons. That reason is articulated in the principlethat expresses the theory. Those who appeal to fairness and rights over con-sequences are called deontologists. Those who appeal to consequences overfairness and rights are called consequentialists. Let us look at a classic dilemmato see how ethical theories are involved in its solution.X Some Classic Moral DilemmasThe story of Jean Valjean in Victor Hugo’sLes Miserablesis a classic moraldilemma. Valjean, an ex- prisoner living under an assumed name, has been inviolation of parole for years and is being hunted relentlessly by a police officernamed Javert. Javert, passionately committed to upholding the law, is obsessedwith tracking Valjean down and has reason to suspect that Monsieur Mad-eleine – the mayor of a small French town and owner/manager of the townfactory – is the prisoner he seeks. To entrap Valjean (Madeleine), Javert lets itbe known that an innocent vagrant is about to be identified as Valjean. Valjeanrealizes that if he does not reveal his true identity, an innocent man will goto prison in his stead. What should Valjean do? It certainly won’t benefit him
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48
Apakah Etika?
Namun, tindakan tersebut tidak jelas. Asumsikan bahwa dengan mengambil etika ini saja, Anda
tidak bisa menjaga janji untuk anak-anak Anda untuk pergi berlibur musim semi ini. Dalam
hal ini, mengambil kursus mungkin diuntungkan Anda tetapi tidak adil untuk anak-anak Anda.
Dengan demikian, keadaan bisa mengubah penilaian dari suatu tindakan. Dalam situasi seperti ini,
ketika ada alasan untuk melakukan sesuatu dan alasan untuk tidak melakukannya, kita
dihadapkan dengan
dilema
etika.
Sebuah dilema etika adalah masalah yang timbul
ketika suatu alasan untuk bertindak dengan cara tertentu diimbangi dengan alasan tidak untuk bertindak seperti itu.
Untuk mengatasi dilema ini, ahli etika mengandalkan apa yang mereka anggap primer
prinsip etis yang mendasari tindakan. Jadi, ketika dihadapkan dengan ik con fl, ethi-
cists yang mendahulukan hak atau keadilan atas bahaya jatuh ke satu kamp,
​​dan mereka yang mendahulukan memperoleh manfaat ts fi atas hak atau keadilan jatuh ke dalam
kamp lawan. Sebagai contoh, pengujian obat dapat mencegah bahaya - alasan yang baik
untuk melakukannya - tapi mungkin melanggar hak privasi - alasan yang baik untuk tidak
melakukan-ing itu. Meniup peluit pada prosedur akuntansi penipuan suatu perusahaan dapat
mencegah kerusakan serta memenuhi tanggung jawab akuntan untuk umum
publik, tapi mungkin melanggar rasa akuntan loyalitas kepada perusahaan.
Bagi mereka yang mendahulukan membahayakan pertimbangan, ada alasan untuk
meniup peluit. Bagi mereka yang mendahulukan pertimbangan hak, ada
alasan untuk tidak melakukannya.
Jadi, dilema etika terjadi ketika ada konflik alasan, dan etika
teori muncul untuk menyelesaikan dilema. Setiap teori etika saingan menyatakan bahwa
ketika ada konflik alasan, ada alasan utama yang mengambil
diutamakan daripada semua alasan lainnya. Alasan yang diartikulasikan dalam prinsip
yang mengungkapkan teori. Mereka yang menarik bagi keadilan dan hak atas con-
urutan disebut deontologists. Mereka yang menarik konsekuensi lebih
keadilan dan hak-hak yang disebut consequentialists. Mari kita lihat dilema klasik
untuk melihat bagaimana teori etika yang terlibat dalam solusinya.
X Beberapa Klasik Moral Dilema
Kisah Jean Valjean di Victor Hugo
Les Miserables
adalah moral yang klasik
dilema. Valjean, seorang tahanan mantan hidup di bawah nama samaran, telah
melanggar pembebasan bersyarat selama bertahun-tahun dan sedang diburu tanpa henti oleh polisi perwira
bernama Javert. Javert, semangat berkomitmen untuk menegakkan hukum, terobsesi
dengan pelacakan Valjean bawah dan memiliki alasan untuk menduga bahwa Monsieur Mad
Eleine - walikota sebuah kota Perancis kecil dan pemilik / pengelola kota
pabrik - adalah tahanan ia berusaha. Untuk menjebak Valjean (Madeleine), Javert memungkinkan itu
diketahui bahwa gelandangan yang tidak bersalah adalah tentang menjadi diidentifikasi sebagai Valjean. Valjean
menyadari bahwa jika ia tidak mengungkapkan jati dirinya, orang yang tidak bersalah akan pergi
ke penjara sebagai penggantinya. Apa yang harus Valjean lakukan? Ini tentu tidak akan diuntungkan dia
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