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Limitations Of Ratio AnalysisThe following list includes some of the more important pitfalls that may be encountered in computing and interpreting financial ratios: • It is sometimes difficult to identify the industry category to which a firm belongs when the firm engages in multiply lines of business.• Published industry averages are only approximations and provide the user with general guidelines rather than scientifically determined averages of the ratios of all or even a representative sample of the firms within the industry.• Accounting practices differ widely among firms an can lead to differences in computed ratios.• Financial ratios can be too high or too low. For example, a current ratio that falls below the norm indicates the possibility that the firm has inadequate liquidity and may at some future data be unable to pay its bills on time.• An industry average may not provide a desirable target ratio or norm.• Many firms experience seasonality in their operations. Thus, balance sheet entries and their corresponding ratios will vary with the time of year when the statements are prepared. To avoid this problem, an average account balancer should be used (for several months or quarter during the year) rather than the year-end total.The analyst should be aware of these potential weaknesses when performing a ratio analysis. Accounting Earnings Vs. Economic EarningsA balance sheet and an income statement are prepared in accordance with accounting principles, with the result that the accountant's estimate of past and current earnings often differs significantly from that of financial analyst or economist.There are important conceptual differences between accounting profits and economic profits. These differences reflect a basis disagreement regarding the definitions of income and cost, but they also reflect the very different objectives of the accountant and the economist. Some of the more important are these:Cash Flow and accural basisEconomic analysis is based on the concept of cash flow, while a firm's accounts typically are kept in accrual basis. This exemplifies the accountant's concern with allocating revenues and costs to specific years. The economist can match cost and revenues without one year incomes statements, and can replace it with a two- or more years. A major advantage of the cash flow approach is that it focuses in the timing of recept and expenditures.What costs, which revenuesThe economist and the account not only disagree with respect to the timing of revenues and costs; they often do not agree on exactly what costs should be deducted, and from which revenues, when calculating net income. For example, the economist assigns a cost of capital to the equity employed by the firm, the accountant recognizes only interest costs on debt capital.Estimating depreciationDepreciation is estimated differently. The accountant is concerned primarily with allocating the historical cost of the asset to the particular years of its expected lifetime. Economic depreciation is the difference between the assets's market value at the beginning of the period, and its market value at the end . For the economist, the original cost of the asset is irrelevant.Sunk costsFor economists past costs (or sunk costs as they are often called) are irrelevant to all current evaluations and future decisions. This view is responsible for much of the divergence between the accounting and economic concepts of income.Inflation
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