Ketidak-seimbangan EkologisCholera

Ketidak-seimbangan Ekologis
Cholera is a serious and potentially fatal disease that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. While not nearly so prevalent as malaria, cases are nonetheless numerous. In 1993, there were 296,206 new cases of cholera reported in South America; 9,280 cases were reported in Mexico; 62,964 cases in Africa; and 64,599 cases in Asia. Most outbreaks in Asia, Africa, and South America have originated in coastal areas. Symptoms of cholera include explosive watery diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The most recent pandemic of cholera involved more regions than at any previous time in the twentieth century. The disease remains endemic in India, Bangladesh, and Africa. Vibrio cholerae has also been found in the United States—in the Gulf Coast region of Texas, Louisiana, and Florida; the Chesapeake Bay area; and the California coast.
The increase in prevalence of V. cholerae has been strongly linked to degraded coastal marine environments. Nutrient-enriched warmer coastal waters, resulting from a combination of climate change and the use of fertilizers, provides an ideal environment for reproduction and dissemination of V. cholerae. Recent outbreaks of cholera in Bangladesh, for example, are closely correlated with higher sea surface temperatures. V. cholerae attach to the surface of both freshwater and marine copepods (crustaceans), as well as to roots and exposed surfaces of macrophytes (aquatic plants) such as the water hyacinth, the most abundant aquatic plant in Bangladesh. Nutrient enrichment and warmer temperatures give rise to algae blooms and an abundance of macrophytes. The algae blooms provide abundant food for copepods, and the increasing copepod and macrophyte populations provide V. cholerae with habitat. Subsequent dispersal of V. cholerae into estuaries and fresh water bodies allows contact with humans who use these waters for drinking and bathing. Global distribution of marine pathogens such as V. cholerae is further facilitated by ballast water discharged from vessels. Ballast water contains a virtual cocktail of pathogens, including V. cholerae.

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Ketidak-seimbangan EkologisKolera adalah penyakit serius dan berpotensi fatal yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Vibrio cholerae. Sementara tidak hampir jadi lazim sebagai malaria, kasus tetap banyak. Pada tahun 1993, ada 296,206 kasus baru kolera dilaporkan di Amerika Selatan; 9,280 kasus dilaporkan di Meksiko; kasus-kasus 62,964 di Afrika; dan kasus-kasus 64,599 di Asia. Kebanyakan wabah di Asia, Afrika dan Amerika Selatan berasal dari daerah pesisir. Gejala kolera termasuk peledak diare, muntah dan sakit perut. Pandemi Pemesanan kolera terlibat lebih banyak daerah daripada setiap saat sebelumnya dalam abad kedua puluh. Penyakit tetap endemik di India, Bangladesh, dan Afrika. Vibrio cholerae juga telah ditemukan di Amerika Serikat — di wilayah pantai Teluk Texas, Louisiana dan Florida; Chesapeake Bay area; dan pantai California.Peningkatan prevalensi V. cholerae telah sangat dikaitkan dengan lingkungan laut pesisir rusak. Memperkaya hara pantai air hangat, dihasilkan dari kombinasi dari perubahan iklim dan penggunaan pupuk, menyediakan lingkungan yang ideal untuk reproduksi dan penyebaran V. cholerae. Wabah kolera di Bangladesh, misalnya, erat berkorelasi dengan suhu permukaan laut yang lebih tinggi. V. cholerae melampirkan ke permukaan air tawar maupun laut copepods (krustasea), serta untuk akar dan permukaan terekspos macrophytes (tanaman akuatik) seperti eceng gondok, tanaman akuatik terbanyak di Bangladesh. Pengkayaan unsur hara dan suhu hangat memberikan naik ke mekar ganggang dan berlimpahnya macrophytes. Mekar ganggang menyediakan makanan yang berlimpah untuk copepods, dan semakin copepod dan macrophyte populasi menyediakan V. cholerae dengan habitat. Penyebaran berikutnya dari V. cholerae ke muara sungai dan badan air segar memungkinkan kontak dengan manusia yang menggunakan air ini untuk minum dan mandi. Distribusi global laut patogen seperti V. cholerae lebih lanjut difasilitasi oleh ballast air habis dari kapal. Ballast air mengandung koktail virtual patogen, termasuk V. cholerae.