Hasil (
Bahasa Indonesia) 1:
[Salinan]Disalin!
George Berkeley (1685–1753) was born in Ireland and became bishop of Cloyne. Philosophically, he “brought the ascendancy of inner experience to complete dominance.”[272] Galileo, Locke, and others distinguished secondary qualities (e.g., colors and temperatures), which are characteristics we attribute to things by virtue of subjective sense impressions, from primary qualities (e.g., space and motion), which are expressed in geometric and mathematical quantities and are regarded as objective data of the material world. For Berkeley, however, all qualities are “secondary.” In this way he put an end to Locke’s wavering over our knowledge of actual bodies, and he did this with extreme nominalism and through returning to the ideas of Hobbes. Berkeley demolished the concept of corporeal substance, according to which part of the complex of ideas that perception presents us in a body should be separated out and another part retained as real. The mathematical qualities of bodies are as truly ideas within us as the sense qualities. Thus body is nothing but a complex of ideas. “The idealism which sees in a body nothing farther than a bundle of ideas is the view of the common man; it should be that of philosophers also. Bodies possess no other reality than that of being perceived.”[273] Berkeley’s philosophy is captured in the expression Esse est percipi; being is being perceived or perceiving. For Berkeley, there can be no existence outside perceptual relationships. Berkeley combined this strong idealism with a spiritualistic metaphysics by means of which he accounted for the multiplicity of minds whose perceptions and worlds nevertheless correspond with each other. The danger with Berkeley’s approach is that of solipsism: each individual mind has certain, intuitive knowledge only of itself and of its states; the reality of all else cannot be demonstrated. For Berkeley, however, ideas spring from God, who harmonizes the ideas in every mind, and the ideas of bodies are communicated by God to finite spirits. The order of succession in which God does this we call laws of nature.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
