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The geographical distribution of a species is a key determinant of population subdivision and microevolution. The spatial configuration of populations, combined with physical features of the landscape, can either restrict or facilitate gene flow by affecting the movement of individuals or gametes (e.g. pollen) (Slatkin, 1987). Two principal hypotheses have been proposed to explain genetic subdivision that results from lack of gene flow. First, gene flow (dispersal) can begeographically restricted and occur in a stepping-stone manner, whereby genetic exchanges are limited to neighbouring populations (Kimura & Weiss, 1964). This process, termed isolation-by-distance (IBD), generates genetic differentiation that increases with physical distance (Wright, 1943; Rousset, 1997). Second, gene flow can be obstructed by physical barriers (e.g. vicariance), resulting in distinct genetic discontinuities across the landscape (Wiley, 1988; Taberlet et al., 1998).
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