THE ROAD TO DEREGULATIONThe period since the early 1980s has been the  terjemahan - THE ROAD TO DEREGULATIONThe period since the early 1980s has been the  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

THE ROAD TO DEREGULATIONThe period

THE ROAD TO DEREGULATION
The period since the early 1980s has been the most momentous in the history of telecommunications. A series of major technological advances such as optical fibers, Integrated Services, Digital Network, (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode, (ATM), and Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop, (ADSL) has led to spectacular achievements in products and services. In addition, legislation has helped to create an environment of liberalization and deregulation which is shaping the markets of the future. In some respects, regulatory issues have assumed more importance than the purely technological questions in telecommunications. As a senior manager from PTT-Nederland admits:
“When I came here, people were convinced that we sold technology, but to me, that's just nonsense. No-one is interested in opening up a telephone set to look at the circuit boards and admire their quality. What people want is reliable, quick and imaginative service. At the end of the day, it's just like McDonald's. They don't just sell hamburgers, they sell services as well.”
1984 was a pivotal year for world telecommunications. In the USA, AT&T's monopoly was broken up with the creation of the seven Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOC's), while the same year saw the privatisation of British Telecom in the UK. Most of Europe's state telecommunications companies are likely to he privatised before the year 2000. This pressure to privatise stems from the fact that many state telecommunication networks are currently under-resourced, that many state budgets are overburdened and that national and international telecommunications markets are being liberalized, thus undermining the position of state monopoly Public Telephone Operators. (PTO's)
The balance of pressure varies between countries but no country is immune, and with the European Union (EU) now resolved to liberalize
Lecture Notes : STT Ibnu Sina 2014
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national markets for voice telecommunications from January 1999, 1999, the pressure can only increase (Spain, Ireland. Greece and Portugal will not "join the voice liberalization club)" until 2003.) Competition is imminent in every European country, but the regulatory structure in each nation will influence the speed with which it advances and the strength of rival operators.
Liberalization is shaking up the way that operators conduct their business and is bringing about a "culture change" within companies. The philosophy of "being a civil servant and having a job for life" is rapidly disappearing. Personal performance-related criteria and individualized objectives are influencing the lives, of executives and employees oI' previously state-dominated PTTs, where results often counted for very little.
"Down-sizing," "Right-sizing," "Rationalization" and "Outsourcing" have become the buzz-words associated with liberalization and competition. and in many countries Trade Unions interpret these expressions as the desire of the bosses to get rid of as many employees as possible in the quest to make their businesses more profitable, possibly at the risk of creating the "haves" and the "have-nots."
B. GLOSSARY
- momentous : penting
- shaping : membentuk
- reliable : dapat dipercaya
- service : jasa
- overburdened
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JALAN MENUJU DEREGULASIPeriode sejak awal 1980-an telah paling penting dalam sejarah telekomunikasi. Serangkaian kemajuan teknologi utama seperti serat optik, Integrated Services, Jaringan Digital, (ISDN), modus Transfer asinkron, (ATM), dan asimetris Digital Subscriber Loop, (ADSL) telah menyebabkan spektakuler prestasi dalam produk dan layanan. Selain itu, undang-undang telah membantu untuk menciptakan lingkungan liberalisasi dan deregulasi yang membentuk pasar masa depan. Dalam beberapa hal, masalah regulasi telah dianggap lebih penting daripada pertanyaan murni teknologi di bidang telekomunikasi. Sebagai manajer senior dari PTT-Nederland mengakui:"Ketika saya datang ke sini, orang yakin bahwa kami menjual teknologi, tapi bagi saya, itu hanya omong kosong. Tidak ada yang tertarik untuk membuka telepon yang ditetapkan untuk melihat papan sirkuit dan mengagumi kualitas mereka. Apa yang orang inginkan adalah layanan yang dapat diandalkan, cepat dan imajinatif. Pada akhir hari, itu adalah seperti McDonald's. Mereka tidak hanya menjual hamburger, mereka menjual layanan juga."1984 adalah tahun yang sangat penting bagi dunia telekomunikasi. Di AS, AT & T's monopoli terpecah dengan penciptaan tujuh Bell operasi perusahaan daerah (RBOC), sementara tahun yang sama melihat privatisasi British Telecom di Inggris. Sebagian besar perusahaan telekomunikasi negara Eropa mungkin untuk ia armadanya sebelum tahun 2000. Tekanan ini untuk privatise berasal dari fakta bahwa banyak negara jaringan telekomunikasi saat ini di bawah-sumber daya, banyak anggaran negara terbebani dan bahwa nasional dan internasional telekomunikasi pasar sedang tata, menurunnya posisi negara monopoli operator telepon umum. (PTO)Saldo tekanan bervariasi antara berbagai negara tetapi tidak ada negara kebal, dan dengan Uni Eropa (UE) sekarang diselesaikan untuk meliberalisasiLecture Notes: STT Ibnu Sina 2014Halaman | 2pasar nasional untuk telekomunikasi suara dari Januari 1999, 1999, tekanan hanya dapat meningkatkan (Spanyol, Irlandia. Yunani dan Portugis tidak akan "join the club liberalisasi suara)" hingga 2003.) Kompetisi akan segera di setiap negara Eropa, tetapi struktur peraturan dalam setiap bangsa akan mempengaruhi kecepatan dengan yang itu kemajuan dan kekuatan saingan operator.Liberalisasi mengguncang cara bahwa operator melakukan bisnis mereka dan membawa tentang "budaya perubahan" dalam perusahaan. Filosofi "menjadi PNS dan memiliki pekerjaan seumur hidup" dengan cepat menghilang. Kriteria pribadi yang berkaitan dengan kinerja dan tujuan individual yang mempengaruhi kehidupan, para eksekutif dan karyawan oI' sebelumnya negara didominasi PTTs, dimana hasil sering dihitung untuk sangat sedikit."Down-sizing," "Benar-sizing," "Rasionalisasi" dan "Outsourcing" telah menjadi buzz-kata yang terkait dengan liberalisasi dan kompetisi. dan di banyak negara buruh menafsirkan ungkapan-ungkapan ini sebagai keinginan para bos untuk menyingkirkan karyawan sebanyak mungkin dalam upaya untuk membuat bisnis mereka lebih menguntungkan, mungkin pada risiko menciptakan "kaya" dan "miskin."B. GLOSSARY-penting: penting-membentuk: membentuk lekukan-dapat diandalkan: dapat dipercaya-Jasa: jasa-terbebani
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