A. Holzinger (Ed.): USAB 2008, LNCS 5298, pp. 281–298, 2008.© Springer terjemahan - A. Holzinger (Ed.): USAB 2008, LNCS 5298, pp. 281–298, 2008.© Springer Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

A. Holzinger (Ed.): USAB 2008, LNCS

A. Holzinger (Ed.): USAB 2008, LNCS 5298, pp. 281–298, 2008.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008
PowerPoint Multimedia Presentations in Computer
Science Education: What Do Users Need?
Elke I. Reuss, Beat Signer, and Moira C. Norrie
Institute for Information Systems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich
{reuss,signer,norrie}@inf.ethz.ch
Abstract. PowerPoint is one of the most frequently used tools to present multimedia
for educational purposes. Nevertheless, little is known about the users’
needs when using PowerPoint during lecturing. Our study focused on the presenter’s
needs in this context of use. We interviewed nine university lecturers
from the computer science department by means of a questionnaire. The results
show that users require features that are not yet realised with PowerPoint. For
example, the control and use of other media should be adequately integrated. Or
the navigation within the slide collection should be improved to better meet the
users’ needs. Based on our findings, we outline required system features and
suggest solutions in form of a prototype.
Keywords: Multimedia Presentations in Education, User Centred Design, Interactive
Paper.
1 Introduction
There are no independent studies about the spread of PowerPoint, but Microsoft estimates
30 million PowerPoint presentations are made every day, and the tool has about
ninety-five per cent of the presentation-software market [1]. Hence, PowerPoint is
probably one of the most commonly used tools in university education. In this application,
not only slides are presented to students, but also other media such as video
sequences or animations.
There are plenty of studies investigating the impact of PowerPoint on education
quality [2,3]. An informative overview is given by Craig and Amernic [4]. Some
studies also investigate content complexity and learning performance [5]. But only
very few studies deal with the lecturers’ needs when using PowerPoint for educational
purposes. Golub [6] found in informal discussions with colleagues that preparing
slides with formulae for a mathematical course was too time consuming, and hence
users tend to use other media such as the whiteboard. To overcome this drawback,
Golub suggested a computer-based system to produce handwritten transparencies.
Another pen-based solution is proposed by Anderson et al. [7,8]. Their system allows
the user to handwrite over computer-projected slides. Tufte [9] criticises that Power-
Point enforces a linear progression through a content that is arranged in a complex
hierarchy that is often confusing. Based on this critic, Holman et al. [10] tried to
282 E.I. Reuss, B. Signer, and M.C. Norrie
improve absorbtion and recall of presentation content by using a mind map based
visualisation concept. Also Zoomable User Interfaces [11] aims to simplify access to
required slides. However, these criticism about PowerPoint and the suggested solutions
are not based on the results of user studies. Asking users about their needs is a
vital prerequisite when aiming to redesign a system to improve its usability.
Therefore, our investigation focused on the use of PowerPoint during lectures or
tutorials for educational purpose. Does the tool really meet the users’ needs when
interacting with the system during lectures? In particular, our study aimed to answer
the following questions:
(a) What is the content and organisation of the presentation?
(b) What media are used during the lecture/tutorial?
(c) How are users interacting with PowerPoint during their presentation?
(d) Do users have suggestions for improvement of the tool?
In the next two sections, we describe the study design and results. In section 4 we
formulate implications for system features that should better reflect the users‘ needs
and hence improve the interaction during presentations. Section 5 presents our prototype
that implements the suggested features, and section 6 discusses our findings.
Concluding remarks and an outlook to future work are given in the last section.
2 Study Design
With the help of a questionnaire we interviewed nine university lecturers that regularly
use PowerPoint during their lectures and/or tutorials. Five assistants and four
professors of the computer science department of of ETH Zurich and the University
Zurich volunteered to participate in our study. An interview took on average 37 minutes.
The questionnaire comprised several multiple choice and open end questions
that dealt with the users way of interacting with PowerPoint during presentations.
Participants filled in the questionnaire and gave additional information orally. The
interviewer took notes, asked further questions if necessary and reported about these
results later on in a detailed text. Each participant was asked to provide us with a
representative example of one of their presentations for student education.
The participants' ages ranged from 25 to 62 years with a median of 32 years, one
participant was female and eight male. All those interviewed have used PowerPoint
for between 7 and 15 years, and the majority (n=8) either use version 2003 or 2007.
Six persons stated that they use PowerPoint for 90% or more of their lectures/
tutorials, and three participants use it between 50 to 70% of their lectures/
tutorials.
The questionnaire comprised some general questions about the content and structure
of the presentation and what devices are used when presenting with PowerPoint.
We also asked participants what other media they use during lectures, what functionality
of PowerPoint they usually use, and whether they prefer to stand at the lecturn or
nearby their audience during the presentation. Another important issue was to find out
whether and how the interaction with PowerPoint could be improved from the user’s
point of view.
PowerPoint Multimedia Presentations in Computer Science Education 283
3 Results
To learn about the users’ possibilities when using PowerPoint, we asked participants
what hardware they use during their lecture or tutorial. Eight participants stated that
they use a laptop, and one a Tablet PC. Additionally, most of the users apply a pointing
device, i.e. a laser pointer or a stick (n=8) and a remote control (n=6). Although
three participants had a pen-based input facility, they used it rather infrequently, as
they did not like its haptic or the required posture when using it.
3.1 Content and Organisation of Presentation
Participants stated that their slides mostly contain textual information (ranging from
20-90%, with a median of 55%), but also graphics/pictures (ranging between 8 to 60,
median=40) and formulae (ranging between 0 to 30, median=5, see Figure 1).
TEXT FORM GRAPH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
Fig. 1. Percentage of information types on the slides
The evaluation of the provided example presentations showed that slides containing
only text have between 2 to 14 lines and a minimum at 18 point font was used (see
Figure 2). Text in graphics was smaller, but at least it was a 12 point font. Furthermore,
the majority of the evaluated presentations contained one or more animations.
When preparing the presentation, all participants sorted the slides according to the
order in which they intended to present them. Almost all interviewed stated that they
284 E.I. Reuss, B. Signer, and M.C. Norrie
Fig. 2. Two example slides from lecturers
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
e
MIN MAX MEAN
Number of Slides
Fig. 3. Number of slides of the presentation
use extra slides (n=8) either filed at the end of the presentation (n=6) or within the
presentation as a hidden slide (n=2). Another strategy used was to store extra slides in
a separate file (n=2). A lecture takes between one and three hours, ususally made up
of 45 minutes blocks.
According to the interviewed participants, their presentations for a lecture or tutorial
block contain in a minimum of between 4 to 30 slides (median is 10, see Figure
3), and at most between 30 to 100 slides (with a median of 60). On average, the participants'
presentations consist of 15-50 slides (with a median equal to 25, and an
average of about 33 slides).
PowerPoint Multimedia Presentations in Computer Science Education 285
All participants provide students with a copy of their presentation, seven of them
deliver all the slides (hardcopy or file) before the lecture/tutorial takes place, and four
of them after the presentation took place. Eight participants stated that they also make
minor changes on the presentation shortly before the lecture or tutorial starts. Only
one of those interviewed changed the order of the slides, the majority (n=7) edited,
deleted or added slides.
3.2 Presenting Information
We asked participants whether they prefer to stand at the lecturn or nearby the audience
during the presentation. Eight interviewed prefer to stand nearby the audience,
and all like to move around during the presentation. All interviewed also frequently
look at the presented slides to remember keywords, to verify slide progression or to
point at an item with the pointing device.
When presenting with PowerPoint, participants use additional media. All interviewed
write on white- or blackboards, seven participants also work with an overhead
projector and six persons present video sequences during their lectures/tutorials (see
Figure 4). The whiteboards and blackboards are mainly used to make rather brief
notes, e.g. giving ad hoc examples or derive something (e.g. code or formulae). The
overhead projector is also used for such ad hoc notes, but six of the seven users stated
that they also use it to present prepared transparencies in parallel to the PowerPoint
slides. These participants emphasized the need to present information in parallel, e.g.
they presented a list with abbreviations or an important diagram in parallel to the
slides.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Flipchart
Software-Appl-Demo
Video presentations
Overhead projector
Black/-Whiteboard
Used Media
Number of answers
Fig. 4. Use of other media d
0/5000
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A. Holzinger (Ed.): USAB 2008, LNCS 5298, pp. 281–298, 2008.© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008PowerPoint Multimedia Presentations in ComputerScience Education: What Do Users Need?Elke I. Reuss, Beat Signer, and Moira C. NorrieInstitute for Information Systems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich{reuss,signer,norrie}@inf.ethz.chAbstract. PowerPoint is one of the most frequently used tools to present multimediafor educational purposes. Nevertheless, little is known about the users’needs when using PowerPoint during lecturing. Our study focused on the presenter’sneeds in this context of use. We interviewed nine university lecturersfrom the computer science department by means of a questionnaire. The resultsshow that users require features that are not yet realised with PowerPoint. Forexample, the control and use of other media should be adequately integrated. Orthe navigation within the slide collection should be improved to better meet theusers’ needs. Based on our findings, we outline required system features andsuggest solutions in form of a prototype.Keywords: Multimedia Presentations in Education, User Centred Design, InteractivePaper.1 IntroductionThere are no independent studies about the spread of PowerPoint, but Microsoft estimates30 million PowerPoint presentations are made every day, and the tool has aboutninety-five per cent of the presentation-software market [1]. Hence, PowerPoint isprobably one of the most commonly used tools in university education. In this application,not only slides are presented to students, but also other media such as videosequences or animations.There are plenty of studies investigating the impact of PowerPoint on educationquality [2,3]. An informative overview is given by Craig and Amernic [4]. Somestudies also investigate content complexity and learning performance [5]. But onlyvery few studies deal with the lecturers’ needs when using PowerPoint for educationalpurposes. Golub [6] found in informal discussions with colleagues that preparingslides with formulae for a mathematical course was too time consuming, and henceusers tend to use other media such as the whiteboard. To overcome this drawback,Golub suggested a computer-based system to produce handwritten transparencies.Another pen-based solution is proposed by Anderson et al. [7,8]. Their system allowsthe user to handwrite over computer-projected slides. Tufte [9] criticises that Power-Point enforces a linear progression through a content that is arranged in a complexhierarchy that is often confusing. Based on this critic, Holman et al. [10] tried to282 E.I. Reuss, B. Signer, and M.C. Norrieimprove absorbtion and recall of presentation content by using a mind map basedvisualisation concept. Also Zoomable User Interfaces [11] aims to simplify access torequired slides. However, these criticism about PowerPoint and the suggested solutionsare not based on the results of user studies. Asking users about their needs is avital prerequisite when aiming to redesign a system to improve its usability.Therefore, our investigation focused on the use of PowerPoint during lectures ortutorials for educational purpose. Does the tool really meet the users’ needs wheninteracting with the system during lectures? In particular, our study aimed to answerthe following questions:(a) What is the content and organisation of the presentation?(b) What media are used during the lecture/tutorial?(c) How are users interacting with PowerPoint during their presentation?(d) Do users have suggestions for improvement of the tool?In the next two sections, we describe the study design and results. In section 4 weformulate implications for system features that should better reflect the users‘ needsand hence improve the interaction during presentations. Section 5 presents our prototypethat implements the suggested features, and section 6 discusses our findings.Concluding remarks and an outlook to future work are given in the last section.2 Study DesignWith the help of a questionnaire we interviewed nine university lecturers that regularlyuse PowerPoint during their lectures and/or tutorials. Five assistants and fourprofessors of the computer science department of of ETH Zurich and the UniversityZurich volunteered to participate in our study. An interview took on average 37 minutes.The questionnaire comprised several multiple choice and open end questionsthat dealt with the users way of interacting with PowerPoint during presentations.Participants filled in the questionnaire and gave additional information orally. Theinterviewer took notes, asked further questions if necessary and reported about theseresults later on in a detailed text. Each participant was asked to provide us with arepresentative example of one of their presentations for student education.The participants' ages ranged from 25 to 62 years with a median of 32 years, oneparticipant was female and eight male. All those interviewed have used PowerPointfor between 7 and 15 years, and the majority (n=8) either use version 2003 or 2007.Six persons stated that they use PowerPoint for 90% or more of their lectures/tutorials, and three participants use it between 50 to 70% of their lectures/tutorials.The questionnaire comprised some general questions about the content and structureof the presentation and what devices are used when presenting with PowerPoint.We also asked participants what other media they use during lectures, what functionalityof PowerPoint they usually use, and whether they prefer to stand at the lecturn ornearby their audience during the presentation. Another important issue was to find outwhether and how the interaction with PowerPoint could be improved from the user’spoint of view.PowerPoint Multimedia Presentations in Computer Science Education 2833 ResultsTo learn about the users’ possibilities when using PowerPoint, we asked participantswhat hardware they use during their lecture or tutorial. Eight participants stated thatthey use a laptop, and one a Tablet PC. Additionally, most of the users apply a pointingdevice, i.e. a laser pointer or a stick (n=8) and a remote control (n=6). Althoughthree participants had a pen-based input facility, they used it rather infrequently, asthey did not like its haptic or the required posture when using it.3.1 Content and Organisation of PresentationParticipants stated that their slides mostly contain textual information (ranging from20-90%, with a median of 55%), but also graphics/pictures (ranging between 8 to 60,median=40) and formulae (ranging between 0 to 30, median=5, see Figure 1).TEXT FORM GRAPH0102030405060708090100%Fig. 1. Percentage of information types on the slidesThe evaluation of the provided example presentations showed that slides containingonly text have between 2 to 14 lines and a minimum at 18 point font was used (seeFigure 2). Text in graphics was smaller, but at least it was a 12 point font. Furthermore,the majority of the evaluated presentations contained one or more animations.When preparing the presentation, all participants sorted the slides according to theorder in which they intended to present them. Almost all interviewed stated that they284 E.I. Reuss, B. Signer, and M.C. NorrieFig. 2. Two example slides from lecturers0102030405060708090100eMIN MAX MEANNumber of SlidesFig. 3. Number of slides of the presentationuse extra slides (n=8) either filed at the end of the presentation (n=6) or within thepresentation as a hidden slide (n=2). Another strategy used was to store extra slides ina separate file (n=2). A lecture takes between one and three hours, ususally made upof 45 minutes blocks.According to the interviewed participants, their presentations for a lecture or tutorialblock contain in a minimum of between 4 to 30 slides (median is 10, see Figure3), and at most between 30 to 100 slides (with a median of 60). On average, the participants'presentations consist of 15-50 slides (with a median equal to 25, and anaverage of about 33 slides).PowerPoint Multimedia Presentations in Computer Science Education 285All participants provide students with a copy of their presentation, seven of themdeliver all the slides (hardcopy or file) before the lecture/tutorial takes place, and fourof them after the presentation took place. Eight participants stated that they also makeminor changes on the presentation shortly before the lecture or tutorial starts. Onlyone of those interviewed changed the order of the slides, the majority (n=7) edited,deleted or added slides.3.2 Presenting InformationWe asked participants whether they prefer to stand at the lecturn or nearby the audienceduring the presentation. Eight interviewed prefer to stand nearby the audience,and all like to move around during the presentation. All interviewed also frequentlylook at the presented slides to remember keywords, to verify slide progression or topoint at an item with the pointing device.When presenting with PowerPoint, participants use additional media. All interviewedwrite on white- or blackboards, seven participants also work with an overheadprojector and six persons present video sequences during their lectures/tutorials (seeFigure 4). The whiteboards and blackboards are mainly used to make rather briefnotes, e.g. giving ad hoc examples or derive something (e.g. code or formulae). Theoverhead projector is also used for such ad hoc notes, but six of the seven users statedthat they also use it to present prepared transparencies in parallel to the PowerPointslides. These participants emphasized the need to present information in parallel, e.g.they presented a list with abbreviations or an important diagram in parallel to theslides.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9FlipchartSoftware-Appl-DemoVideo presentationsOverhead projectorBlack/-WhiteboardUsed MediaNumber of answersFig. 4. Use of other media d
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A. Holzinger (Ed.): USAB 2008, LNCS 5298, pp 281-298, 2008..
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008
PowerPoint Multimedia Presentasi di Komputer
Ilmu Pendidikan: Apa Apakah Pengguna Perlu
Elke I. Reuss, Beat Signor, dan Moira C. Norrie
Institute for Sistem Informasi, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich
{Reuss, penandatangan, Norrie} @ inf.ethz.ch
Abstrak. PowerPoint adalah salah satu alat yang paling sering digunakan untuk menyajikan multimedia
untuk tujuan pendidikan. Namun demikian, sedikit yang diketahui tentang pengguna
kebutuhan saat menggunakan PowerPoint selama perkuliahan. Studi kami berfokus pada presenter
kebutuhan dalam konteks ini penggunaan. Kami mewawancarai sembilan dosen
dari departemen ilmu komputer dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil
menunjukkan bahwa pengguna memerlukan fitur yang belum terealisasi dengan PowerPoint. Untuk
contoh, kontrol dan penggunaan media lainnya harus terintegrasi secara memadai. Atau
navigasi dalam koleksi geser harus ditingkatkan untuk lebih memenuhi
kebutuhan pengguna. Berdasarkan temuan kami, kami menguraikan fitur sistem yang diperlukan dan
menyarankan solusi dalam bentuk prototipe.
Kata kunci: Presentasi Multimedia dalam Pendidikan, Pengguna Centred Desain, Interaktif
Kertas.
1 Pendahuluan
ada studi independen tentang penyebaran PowerPoint, tapi Microsoft memperkirakan
30 juta presentasi PowerPoint yang dibuat setiap hari, dan alat memiliki sekitar
sembilan puluh lima persen dari pasar presentasi-software [1]. Oleh karena itu, PowerPoint adalah
mungkin salah satu alat yang paling umum digunakan dalam pendidikan universitas. Dalam aplikasi ini,
tidak hanya slide disajikan kepada siswa, tetapi juga media lain seperti video
urutan atau animasi.
Ada banyak penelitian yang menyelidiki dampak PowerPoint pada pendidikan
berkualitas [2,3]. Gambaran informatif diberikan oleh Craig dan Amernic [4]. Beberapa
penelitian juga menyelidiki kompleksitas dan pembelajaran kinerja konten [5]. Tapi hanya
sedikit studi menangani kebutuhan dosen saat menggunakan PowerPoint untuk pendidikan
tujuan. Golub [6] ditemukan dalam diskusi informal dengan rekan-rekan yang mempersiapkan
slide dengan formula untuk kursus matematika terlalu memakan waktu, dan karenanya
pengguna cenderung menggunakan media lain seperti papan tulis. Untuk mengatasi kelemahan ini,
Golub menyarankan sistem berbasis komputer untuk menghasilkan transparansi tulisan tangan.
solusi berbasis pena lain yang diusulkan oleh Anderson et al. [7,8]. Sistem mereka memungkinkan
pengguna untuk menulis tangan lebih slide-proyeksi komputer. Tufte [9] mengkritik bahwa Power-
titik memaksa kemajuan linear melalui konten yang diatur dalam kompleks
hirarki yang sering membingungkan. Berdasarkan kritikus ini, Holman et al. [10] mencoba untuk
282 EI Reuss, B. Signor, dan MC Norrie
meningkatkan penyerapan dan mengingat isi presentasi dengan menggunakan peta pikiran berdasarkan
konsep visualisasi. Juga zoomable User Interfaces [11] bertujuan untuk menyederhanakan akses ke
slide diperlukan. Namun, kritik ini tentang PowerPoint dan solusi yang disarankan
tidak didasarkan pada hasil penelitian pengguna. Meminta pengguna tentang kebutuhan mereka adalah
prasyarat penting ketika bertujuan untuk mendesain ulang sistem untuk meningkatkan kegunaan.
Oleh karena itu, investigasi kami berfokus pada penggunaan PowerPoint selama kuliah atau
tutorial untuk tujuan pendidikan. Apakah alat ini benar-benar memenuhi kebutuhan pengguna saat
berinteraksi dengan sistem selama kuliah? Secara khusus, penelitian kami bertujuan untuk menjawab
pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut:
? (a) Apa isi dan organisasi presentasi
(b) Apa media yang digunakan selama kuliah / tutorial?
(c) Bagaimana pengguna berinteraksi dengan PowerPoint selama presentasi mereka ?
(d) Apakah pengguna memiliki saran untuk perbaikan alat?
Dalam dua bagian berikutnya, kita menggambarkan desain penelitian dan hasil. Pada bagian 4 kita
merumuskan implikasi untuk fitur sistem yang lebih baik harus mencerminkan kebutuhan pengguna
dan karenanya meningkatkan interaksi selama presentasi. Bagian 5 menyajikan prototipe kami
yang mengimplementasikan fitur disarankan, dan bagian 6 membahas temuan kami.
Penutup dan pandangan untuk pekerjaan di masa depan diberikan dalam bagian terakhir.
2 Studi Desain
Dengan bantuan kuesioner yang kami wawancarai sembilan dosen yang secara teratur
menggunakan PowerPoint selama kuliah dan / atau tutorial mereka. Lima asisten dan empat
profesor dari departemen ilmu komputer dari dari ETH Zurich dan Universitas
Zurich menawarkan diri untuk berpartisipasi dalam penelitian kami. Wawancara mengambil rata-rata 37 menit.
Kuesioner terdiri beberapa pilihan ganda dan pertanyaan terbuka akhir
yang ditangani dengan cara pengguna berinteraksi dengan PowerPoint selama presentasi.
Peserta mengisi kuesioner dan memberikan informasi tambahan secara lisan. The
pewawancara mencatat, bertanya pertanyaan lebih lanjut jika diperlukan dan melaporkan tentang ini
hasil di kemudian hari dalam teks rinci. Setiap peserta diminta untuk menyediakan kami dengan
contoh wakil dari salah satu presentasi mereka untuk pendidikan siswa.
usia Peserta 'berkisar 25-62 tahun dengan rata-rata 32 tahun, salah satu
peserta adalah perempuan dan delapan laki-laki. Semua mereka yang diwawancarai telah menggunakan PowerPoint
untuk antara 7 dan 15 tahun, dan mayoritas (n = 8) baik menggunakan versi 2003 atau 2007.
Enam orang menyatakan bahwa mereka menggunakan PowerPoint untuk 90% atau lebih dari mereka kuliah /
tutorial, dan tiga peserta menggunakan itu antara 50 sampai 70% dari mereka kuliah /
tutorial.
Kuesioner terdiri beberapa pertanyaan umum tentang isi dan struktur
dari presentasi dan apa perangkat yang digunakan saat presentasi dengan PowerPoint.
Kami juga meminta peserta apa yang media lain yang mereka gunakan selama kuliah, fungsi apa
PowerPoint mereka biasanya menggunakan, dan apakah mereka lebih memilih untuk berdiri di mimbar atau
di dekatnya penonton mereka selama presentasi. Isu penting lainnya adalah untuk mengetahui
apakah dan bagaimana interaksi dengan PowerPoint dapat ditingkatkan dari pengguna
sudut pandang.
Presentasi PowerPoint Multimedia Ilmu Komputer Pendidikan 283
3 Hasil
Untuk mempelajari tentang kemungkinan para pengguna saat menggunakan PowerPoint, kami meminta peserta
apa hardware mereka gunakan selama kuliah atau tutorial. Delapan peserta menyatakan bahwa
mereka menggunakan laptop, dan satu PC Tablet. Selain itu, sebagian besar pengguna menerapkan menunjuk
perangkat, yaitu laser pointer atau tongkat (n = 8) dan remote control (n = 6). Meskipun
tiga peserta memiliki fasilitas input pena, mereka menggunakannya lebih jarang, karena
mereka tidak suka haptic atau postur yang diperlukan ketika menggunakannya.
3.1 Isi dan Organisasi Presentasi
Peserta menyatakan bahwa slide mereka sebagian besar mengandung informasi tekstual (mulai dari
20-90%, dengan rata-rata 55%), tetapi juga grafis / gambar (berkisar antara 8 sampai 60,
median = 40) dan formula (berkisar antara 0 sampai 30, median = 5, lihat Gambar 1).
TEXT FORM GAMBAR
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
Gambar. 1. Persentase jenis informasi pada slide
Evaluasi yang disediakan contoh presentasi menunjukkan bahwa slide yang berisi
hanya teks memiliki antara 2 sampai 14 baris dan minimum pada 18 point font yang digunakan (lihat
Gambar 2). Teks dalam grafis lebih kecil, tapi setidaknya itu adalah font 12 titik. Selanjutnya,
sebagian besar presentasi dievaluasi berisi satu atau lebih animasi.
Saat mempersiapkan presentasi, semua peserta diurutkan slide sesuai dengan
urutan di mana mereka dimaksudkan untuk menyajikan mereka. Hampir semua yang diwawancarai menyatakan bahwa mereka
284 EI Reuss, B. Signor, dan MC Norrie
Gambar. 2. Dua contoh slide dari dosen
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
e
MIN MAX MEAN
Jumlah Slides
Gambar. 3. Jumlah slide presentasi
menggunakan slide tambahan (n = 8) baik yang diajukan pada akhir presentasi (n = 6) atau dalam
presentasi sebagai slide tersembunyi (n = 2). Strategi lain yang digunakan adalah untuk menyimpan slide tambahan dalam
file terpisah (n = 2). Kuliah A membutuhkan waktu antara satu dan tiga jam, ususally terdiri
dari 45 menit blok.
Menurut peserta diwawancarai, presentasi mereka untuk kuliah atau tutorial
blok mengandung dalam minimal antara 4 sampai 30 slide (median adalah 10, lihat Gambar
3) , dan paling antara 30 sampai 100 slide (dengan rata-rata 60). Rata-rata, para peserta
presentasi terdiri dari 15-50 slide (dengan median sama dengan 25, dan
rata-rata sekitar 33 slide).
Presentasi PowerPoint Multimedia Komputer Ilmu Pendidikan 285
Semua peserta memberikan siswa dengan salinan presentasi mereka, tujuh dari mereka
memberikan semua slide (hardcopy atau file) sebelum kuliah / tutorial berlangsung, dan empat
dari mereka setelah presentasi berlangsung. Delapan peserta menyatakan bahwa mereka juga membuat
perubahan kecil pada presentasi sesaat sebelum kuliah atau mulai tutorial. Hanya
satu dari mereka yang diwawancarai mengubah urutan slide, mayoritas (n = 7) diedit,
dihapus atau ditambahkan slide.
3.2 Menyajikan Informasi
Kami meminta peserta apakah mereka lebih memilih untuk berdiri di mimbar atau di sekitarnya penonton
selama presentasi. Delapan diwawancarai lebih memilih untuk berdiri di dekatnya penonton,
dan semua ingin bergerak di sekitar selama presentasi. Semua diwawancarai juga sering
melihat slide disajikan untuk mengingat kata kunci, untuk memverifikasi perkembangan slide atau untuk
menunjuk pada item dengan perangkat penunjuk.
Ketika menyajikan dengan PowerPoint, peserta menggunakan media tambahan. Semua diwawancarai
menulis di papan tulis putih atau, tujuh peserta juga bekerja dengan overhead
projector dan enam orang urutan video hadir selama mereka kuliah / tutorial (lihat
Gambar 4). The papan tulis dan papan tulis terutama digunakan untuk membuat lebih singkat
catatan, misalnya memberikan contoh ad hoc atau menurunkan sesuatu (misalnya kode atau formula). The
proyektor overhead juga digunakan untuk catatan ad hoc tersebut, tetapi enam dari tujuh pengguna menyatakan
bahwa mereka juga menggunakannya untuk menyajikan transparansi siap secara paralel dengan PowerPoint
slide. Peserta ini menekankan perlunya untuk menyajikan informasi secara paralel, misalnya
mereka disajikan daftar dengan singkatan atau diagram penting dalam sejajar dengan
slide.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
flipchart
Software-Appl-Demo
presentasi Video
Overhead projector
Hitam / -Whiteboard
Digunakan Media
Jumlah jawaban
Gambar. 4. Penggunaan media lain d
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
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