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Typically, nucleation of fats (as well as most other substances) occurs by a heterogeneous process catalyzed by foreign nucleating sites. The presence of these foreign nucleating sites, like dust particles, vessel walls, and other foreign particles in the system, reduces the free energy required for nucleation. Even though the exact mechanisms of heterogeneous nucleation are not clearly understood, it most likely results from the interactions at the interface between the solid particle and the supersaturated fluid. These interactions result in a local ordering of molecules of the crystallizing species; thus, the free energy of formation of a critical size for a stable nucleus is decreased.For example, nucleation on a surface irregularity at a wall results in a decrease in the surface energy required to form a stable nucleus. In general, the capability of a foreign surface to catalyze nucleation is thought to depend on the degree of lattice matching between the solid surface and the crystals of the nucleating species, although this trend is not always observed. In general, a closer lattice match indicates a greater likelihood that a surface will catalyze heterogeneous nucleation. heterogeneous nucleation occurs at lower crystallization driving force (supersaturation or subcooling) than homogeneous nucleation
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