Whereas over a century of formal logic has given us a deeptheoretical  terjemahan - Whereas over a century of formal logic has given us a deeptheoretical  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Whereas over a century of formal lo

Whereas over a century of formal logic has given us a deep
theoretical understanding of logical necessity, our understanding
of metaphysical necessity is intuitive—drawn from our ordinary
thought and talk about what would be so if such and such were so
Chapter Three
and so, what could have been so had certain things been different,
and what could not be so under any circumstances. This contrast is
connected to another. Although our ordinary thought and talk is
permeated with claims about what various individuals could, or
could not, do, or be, in various circumstances, there is no established
practice, ordinary or theoretical, of calling formulas with
free occurrences of variables logically or analytically true, relative
to one assignment of objects, but not another. In short, metaphysical
necessity is the province of the modal de re, while the logical
or conceptual de re is all but nonexistent.
As shown in Burgess (1998), there is a historical irony in this.
The stated goal of much of the early development of quantified
modal systems was to give a logic for logical or analytic necessity.
This was the context into which Quine introduced his infamous
arguments against quantifying in. Though his objections were
typically overstated—wrongly decrying the unintelligibility of
quantification into any construction in which substitution of coextensional
terms sometimes fails to preserve truth value—there
was a grain of truth in his attack.3 Noting that logical truth and
analyticity are standardly taken to be properties of sentences, he
likened quantification into contexts governed by such operators
to the problematic quantification in (1).
1. "x ‘if x is a cat, x is an animal’ is an analytic/logical truth.
Though he didn’t put his finger on precisely what is wrong with
this, he was right to be dubious. It’s not that one can’t make quantification
into quotes intelligible. One can, as shown in Kaplan
(1986). However, the resulting notion of de re logical/analytic
truth, and accompanying logic, is of little theoretical interest to
logicians and mathematicians, and of no interest in capturing any
commonsense notion of necessity. The chief philosophical interest
in quantified modal logic lies with the metaphysical necessity,
essentialism, and nontrivial modal de re of Kripke (1972).
With this, we return to S5. Once we have metaphysical necessity,
essentialism, and world-states rather than worlds, it is a short
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Whereas over a century of formal logic has given us a deeptheoretical understanding of logical necessity, our understandingof metaphysical necessity is intuitive—drawn from our ordinarythought and talk about what would be so if such and such were soChapter Threeand so, what could have been so had certain things been different,and what could not be so under any circumstances. This contrast isconnected to another. Although our ordinary thought and talk ispermeated with claims about what various individuals could, orcould not, do, or be, in various circumstances, there is no establishedpractice, ordinary or theoretical, of calling formulas withfree occurrences of variables logically or analytically true, relativeto one assignment of objects, but not another. In short, metaphysicalnecessity is the province of the modal de re, while the logicalor conceptual de re is all but nonexistent.As shown in Burgess (1998), there is a historical irony in this.The stated goal of much of the early development of quantifiedmodal systems was to give a logic for logical or analytic necessity.This was the context into which Quine introduced his infamousarguments against quantifying in. Though his objections weretypically overstated—wrongly decrying the unintelligibility ofquantification into any construction in which substitution of coextensionalterms sometimes fails to preserve truth value—therewas a grain of truth in his attack.3 Noting that logical truth andanalyticity are standardly taken to be properties of sentences, helikened quantification into contexts governed by such operatorsto the problematic quantification in (1).1. "x ‘if x is a cat, x is an animal’ is an analytic/logical truth.Though he didn’t put his finger on precisely what is wrong withthis, he was right to be dubious. It’s not that one can’t make quantificationinto quotes intelligible. One can, as shown in Kaplan(1986). However, the resulting notion of de re logical/analytictruth, and accompanying logic, is of little theoretical interest tologicians and mathematicians, and of no interest in capturing anycommonsense notion of necessity. The chief philosophical interestin quantified modal logic lies with the metaphysical necessity,essentialism, and nontrivial modal de re of Kripke (1972).With this, we return to S5. Once we have metaphysical necessity,essentialism, and world-states rather than worlds, it is a short
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Sedangkan lebih dari satu abad logika formal telah memberi kita dalam
pemahaman teoritis keharusan logis, pemahaman kita
tentang kebutuhan metafisik intuitif ditarik dari biasa kami
berpikir dan berbicara tentang apa yang akan jadi jika ini dan itu begitu
Bab Tiga
dan sebagainya, apa bisa jadi memiliki hal-hal tertentu berbeda,
dan apa yang tidak bisa begitu dalam keadaan apapun. Sebaliknya ini
terhubung ke yang lain. Meskipun kami pikir biasa dan talk
meresap dengan klaim tentang apa berbagai individu bisa, atau
tidak bisa, melakukan, atau menjadi, dalam berbagai situasi, tidak ada didirikan
praktek, biasa atau teoritis, menelepon formula dengan
kejadian bebas dari variabel logis atau analitis benar, relatif
terhadap satu tugas dari objek, tetapi tidak yang lain. Singkatnya, metafisik
kebutuhan adalah provinsi modal de re, sedangkan logis
atau konseptual de ulang semua tapi tidak ada.
Seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Burgess (1998), ada ironi sejarah dalam hal ini.
Tujuan yang dinyatakan oleh banyak awal pengembangan diukur
sistem modal adalah untuk memberikan logika untuk kebutuhan logis atau analisis.
Ini adalah konteks di mana Quine diperkenalkan terkenal nya
argumen terhadap mengukur dalam. Meskipun keberatan yang
biasanya dibesar-besarkan-salah mengutuk unintelligibility dari
kuantifikasi ke konstruksi apapun di mana substitusi dari coextensional
istilah kadang-kadang gagal untuk melestarikan nilai-kebenaran ada
adalah sebutir kebenaran dalam attack.3 nya Memperhatikan bahwa kebenaran logis dan
analyticity yang standardly diambil menjadi sifat kalimat, ia
menyamakan kuantifikasi dalam konteks diatur oleh operator tersebut
untuk kuantifikasi bermasalah di (1).
1. "X" jika x adalah seekor kucing, x adalah binatang 'adalah analitik / kebenaran logis.
Meskipun ia tidak meletakkan jarinya di atas tepat apa yang salah dengan
ini, dia benar untuk meragukan. Ini bukan salah satu yang dapat ' t membuat kuantifikasi
dalam kutipan dimengerti. Satu bisa, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Kaplan
(1986). Namun, gagasan yang dihasilkan dari de re logis / analitik
kebenaran, dan logika yang menyertainya, adalah kepentingan teoritis sedikit
ahli logika dan matematika, dan tidak tertarik menangkap setiap
gagasan akal sehat kebutuhan. Kepentingan filosofis utama
dalam diukur modal logika terletak pada kebutuhan metafisik,
esensialisme, dan trivial modal de ulang Kripke (1972).
Dengan ini, kita kembali ke S5. Setelah kita memiliki kebutuhan metafisik,
esensialisme, dan dunia-negara daripada dunia, itu adalah pendek
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