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Several key concepts that are still being used today within the customary law research are adat law (hukum adat or adat recht), adat law circles (lingkaran hukum adat or adat rechtskringen), communal rights over land or “right to avail” (hak ulayat or beschikkingsrecht), and the adat law communities (masyarakat hukum adat or adat rechtsgemenschaapen). Adat law (adatrecht) is a term that was systematically used for the first time by Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje and, subsequently, by Vollenhoven (Snouck Hurgronje 1893:16; Vollenhoven 1933:3; Benda-Beckmann F. and K. v. 2011:170-171). They realised that the term adat was used in many places to describe an entity united by morality, customs, traditions, and legal institutions, even though the concept was not found on all the islands of Indonesia (Benda-Beckmann, F. and K. v. 2011:170-171).5 Furthermore, the concept of adat law circles (adat rechtskringen) was, in fact, created by these legal researchers in order to identify the common features and the culture-specific forms of intrinsic logic of these communities in Indonesia. Their observations were systematised into 19 adat law circles (compiled between 1906 and 1918) reflecting the state of knowledge at a time when knowledge and resources were limited (Benda-Beckmann F. and K..v., 2011:174).
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