LD50 681 (mg/kg, in mice), Actinopy

LD50 681 (mg/kg, in mice), Actinopyga mauritiana
collected from Lakshadweep in October showed hypotensive and antimicrobial
activities LD50 215 (mg/kg, in mice), and Thelenata ananas collected from
Lakshadweep showed antimicrobial activity, LD50 56.2 (mg/kg, in mice).
The extracts of Holothuria ichinitis collected from Mandapam, Tamilnadu,
in April and H. impotium collected from Lakashadweep in April were found
toxic, LD50 26.1 and 38.3 (mg/kg, in mice) respectively. The species of
Mollusca which showed activity are : Nerita spp. collected from Mandapam,116 Bioactive Marine Natural Products
Tamilnadu, in January showed CNS stimulant activity, LD50 68.1 (mg/kg, in
mice); Octopus vulgaris collected from Okha, Gujarat, in December exhibited
spasmolytic activity, LD50 1000 (mg/kg, in mice) and Onchidium verruculatum
collected from Mandapam, Tamilnadu, in May showed hypoglycaemic activity,
LD50 more than 1000 (mg/kg, in mice). The ability of Octopi to paralyse
prey before ingestion, with secretions of posterior salivary glands has long
been known. The active agents present in the salivary glands of the Octopus
have been found to be a mixture of low molecular weight amines, peptides,
and proteinaceous materials.87 Ghiretti et al88 isolated an active proteinaceous
fraction from the salivary glands of Octopus valgaris and O. macropus.
While these authors found that the toxins from Octopi have paralytic and
hypotension action, the investigations on Octopus vulgaris indicated only
spasmolytic action.
Forty marine invertebrates belonging to the Mollusca, Coelentrata,
Echinodermata and Porifera have been tested for antibacterial, antifungal,
antiamoebic, antimalarial, antiviral, antifertility, hypoglycaemic and a wide
range of pharmacological activities. Of these, three extracts each exhibited
antiimplantation and hypoglycaemic activities; four were found toxic, five
had antiviral activity against EMCV and or RDV, seven gave evidence of
hypotensive activity, while nine extracts were found to be diuretic. One
extract had the CNS stimulant effect, and one had oxytoxic activity as well
as low order of abortifacient activity. Besides eight extracts revealed more
than one type of activity.89 The species of Coelenterata which showed activity
are: Acropora corymbosa collected from Kadmai Island, Lakshadweep, in
January showed CVS activity, Acropora formica collected from the same
locality showed diuretic activity, LD50 2.15 (mg/kg, in mice), Acropora humilis
collected from the Kadmai Island, Lakshadweep, in January exhibited antiviral
activity against Ranikhet Disease virus, LD50 more than 1000 (mg/kg, in
mice), Alcyonaria spp. collected from the same locality exhibited diuretic,
and hypoglycaemic, activities, LD50 3.16 (mg/kg, in mice); Montipora
divaricata collected from Krusadai Island, Tamilnadu, in September showed
hypoglycaemic activity, LD50 1000 (mg/kg, in mice), Paracondylacts spp.
collected from Chandipur, Orissa, in April showed antiimplantation activity
in rats, LD50 more than 1000 (mg/kg in mice); Zoanthus spp. collected from
Veraval, Gujarat, in April showed cardiovascular effects. The species of
Crustacean which showed activity is Eurythoe complanata collected from
Chandipur in April showed diuretic activity. The species of Echinodermata
which showed activity are: Pentaceraster regulus collected from Rameswarm,
Tamilnadu, in September showed diuretic and antiviral activity against
Encephalomyocaritis virus; Ischnochiton campus collected from Orissa in
March exhibited antiimplantation activity in rats and CNS activity, LD50
26.1 (mg/kg, in mice); Modiolus striatulus collected from Krishnapuram,
Orissa in February showed diuretic activity, Terebralia palustris, collected
from South Andaman in April showed cardiovascular effects. The species ofBioactivity of Marine Organisms 117
Porifera which showed activity are: Axinella andamanensis collected from
the Red Skin island, South Andaman, in April showed cardiovascular activity,
LD50 46.4 (mg/kg, in mice), Callyspongia spinosissima collected from
Rameswaram, Tamilnadu, in September showed antiviral activity against
Ranikhet Disease virus and Encephalomyocarditis virus; Heteronema erecta
from Red Skin island, South Andaman in September exhibited hypoglycaemic
activity, Sigmadocia pumlla from Rameswaram, Tamilnadu, in September
showed, diuretic, antiimplantation activity in rats and cardiovascular effect;
Spirastrella inconstans from Krusadai island, Tamilnadu, in September
exhibited diuretic activity, LD50 more than 1000 (mg/kg, in mice and
Spirastrella inconstans var. digitata from Rameswarm, Tamilnadu, in
September showed antiviral activity against Encephalomyocarditis virus.
Many Coelenterates produce toxins or other biologically active metabolites
not only for self-defence but at times to capture prey. Echinoderms are
known to contain polyhydroxysteroids and saponins. Most of these saponins
are reported to have haemolytic activity. Mostly the secondary metabolites
isolated from hard crust Molluscs are venomous in nature, and are used by
the animals to capture prey. Sponges are by far the most extensively studied
marine animals. A variety of biologically active constituents have been isolated
from sponges.
Extracts of marine organisms have been assayed for their cardiovascular90
and toxic properties.91 The results of screening of 118 marine organisms
(Coral, Alcyoniarians, Molluscs, Echinoderms) found in coastal waters of
India, for their toxicity on fish and mice fingerlings as well as their hemolytic
activities are reported.92Echinoderms were found to be toxic to both fish and
mice. They also exhibited high order of hemolytic activity. The Alcyoniarians
were found toxic to fish and mice, but had weak hemolytic activity. The
Molluscs, Patelia chathalamus, Trochus spp., Conus spp., Siganus spp. and
Conus textile were found toxic to fish only, whereas Drupa heptogonalis was
found lethal only to mice. The coral Acropora formosa and A. millepora
exhibited hemolytic activity and were the only corals toxic to mice. Subergorgia
suberosa, the only gorgonian collected showed lethal toxicity to fish as well
as strong hemolytic activity. The sponges did not show toxic reaction to fish
and mice, but exhibited weak hemolytic activity. Specimen of Spirastrella
inconstans, Porites lutea, Pocillopora damicornis, Favites abdita, Montipora
digitata and Noditittoria pyramidalis, collected from three different locations
to determine whether their biotoxicity differs with change in ecological
conditions, showed that their biotoxicities did not differ with ecological
changes.
4.4 Search of Pharmaceutically Useful Compounds
Rinehert et al93 have been searching pharmaceutically useful compounds
from marine organisms. Their first effort invovled a survey of marine organisms
for antibacterial and antifungal properties. The bioassay were carried out on118 Bioactive Marine Natural Products
shipboard.94 These were the first systematic shipboard assay for pharmaceutical
activity, and had many advantages.95,96 The most active antiviral extract in
shipboard testing was from a tunicate identified as Eudistoma olivaceum,
97
but the extract was surprisingly inactive in the secondary assay. However, the
extract of the recollected sample proved very active in both primary and
secondary assays against Herpes simplex and other viruses, confirming the
value of on site assay. Chemical investigation of the bioactive extract of
Eudistoma yielded 17 eudistomins having variously substituted β-
carbolines.98,99 Although all the isolated compounds exhibited antimicrobial
or antiviral activity, the most potent compounds were the tetracyclic eudistomins
with the unique oxathiazepine ring. The in vivo testing of these compounds
could not be carried out due to the scarcity of the tunicate and paucity of
many of the eudistomins. Rinehart et al100,101 have synthesised a number of
these eudistomins. However, oxathiazepine eudistomins have been prepared
in extremely poor yield.
The extract of the tunicate Trididemnum solidum was found to have potent
antiviral activity in bioassays carried out on shipboard.93 It was also found to
be most cytotoxic. Moreover, these activities were confirmed in in vivo
testing at Upjohn,101 USA. Nine major and several minor didemnins have
been isolated from the extract of T. solidum102-104 which is widely distributed
and didemnin-B was relatively abundant in it. Syntheses of some didemnins
have been reported.105,106 Didemnins are active in vivo against DNA and
RNA viruses. Of these, didemnin-B is the most active. Besides, didemnin-B
exhibits remarkable immunosuppressant activity.107 It is 1000 times as potent
as cyclosporin-A in inhibiting T-cell mitogenesis. It has also been shown in
vivo activity in prolonging skin grafts.96 Unfortunately, didemnin-B is toxic.
Ecteinascidia turbinata is reported to contain a potent antitumour agent.108
An interesting immunoregulatory activity was subsequently observed in the
extract of the organism.109 Later on, cytotoxicity was found in the extract.
Counter current chromatography and TLC bioautography on tissue culture
plates resulted in the isolation of ecteinascidins in yields 10-4 to 10-6 percent.96
All the compounds had either anti-bacterial activity or cytotoxicity against L
1210 leukemia cells.96
Over 300 marine organisms from Okinawan water have been screened for
cytotoxicity, antiviral and antimicrobial activities.110 An extract of a sponge
Theonella spp. was found highly cytotoxic in the assay against P 388 murine
leukemia cells. Bioassay guided separation led to the isolation of an active
constituent designated as misakinolide A, which had IC50 10 ng/ml in in
vitro tests and T/C 145% at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg against P 388 in mice. The
biology and ecology of tropical Holothurians have been reviewed.111 Work
has been conducted on the toxicity of sponges and holothurians.112
5. Actinomycetes
Actinomycetes play a major role in producing antibiotic

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

681 LD50 (mg/kg, pada tikus), Actinopyga mauritianadikumpulkan dari Lakshadweep di bulan Oktober yang menunjukkan hipotensif dan antimikrobakegiatan LD50 215 (mg/kg, pada tikus), dan Thelenata ananas dikumpulkan dariLakshadweep menunjukkan aktivitas antimikroba, LD50 56.2 (mg/kg, pada tikus).Ekstrak Holothuria ichinitis dikumpulkan dari Mandapam, Tamilnadu,pada bulan April dan H. impotium yang dikumpulkan dari Lakashadweep pada bulan April ditemukanberacun, 26,1 LD50 dan 38.3 (mg/kg, pada tikus) masing-masing. SpesiesMoluska yang menunjukkan aktivitas adalah: Nerita spp. dikumpulkan dari Mandapam, 116 bioaktif alami produk kelautanTamilnadu, pada bulan Januari yang menunjukkan CNS stimulan aktivitas, LD50 68.1 (mg/kg, di dalamtikus); Gurita vulgaris dikumpulkan dari Okha, Gujarat, di bulan Desember yang dipamerkanaktivitas spasmolytic, LD50 1000 (mg/kg, pada tikus) dan Onchidium verruculatumdikumpulkan dari Mandapam, Tamilnadu, pada bulan Mei menunjukkan aktivitas hypoglycaemic,LD50 lebih dari 1000 (mg/kg, pada tikus). Kemampuan Octopi untuk melumpuhkanmangsa sebelum menelan, dengan sekresi kelenjar ludah posterior telah lamatelah diketahui. Agen aktif yang hadir dalam kelenjar ludah guritatelah ditemukan untuk menjadi campuran berat molekul rendah amina, peptida,dan proteinaceous materials.87 Ghiretti et al88 terisolasi aktif proteinaceoussebagian kecil dari kelenjar ludah gurita valgaris dan O. macropus.Sementara penulis ini menemukan bahwa racun dari Octopi lumpuh danhipotensi tindakan, penyelidikan pada gurita vulgaris menunjukkan hanyaspasmolytic tindakan.Empat puluh invertebrata laut milik moluska, Coelentrata,Echinodermata dan Porifera telah diuji untuk antibakteri, antijamur,antiamoebic, obat, antivirus, antifertility, hypoglycaemic dan luasberbagai aktivitas farmakologis. Ini, tiga ekstrak dipamerkankegiatan antiimplantation dan hypoglycaemic; empat ditemukan beracun, limapunya aktivitas antivirus terhadap EMCV dan atau RDV, tujuh memberikan buktihipotensif aktivitas, sementara sembilan ekstrak ditemukan diuretik. Salah satuekstrak memiliki efek stimulan CNS, dan salah satu memiliki oxytoxic kegiatan maupunsebagai rendah susunan abortifacient aktivitas. Selain delapan ekstrak mengungkapkan lebihdari satu jenis activity.89 spesies Coelenterata yang menunjukkan aktivitasadalah: Acropora corymbosa dikumpulkan dari Kadmai pulau, Lakshadweep, dalamJanuari menunjukkan aktivitas CVS, Acropora formika dikumpulkan dari yang samawilayah menunjukkan aktivitas diuretik, LD50 2.15 (mg/kg, pada tikus), Acropora humilisdikumpulkan dari pulau Kadmai, Lakshadweep, pada bulan Januari dipamerkan antivirusaktivitas melawan Ranikhet penyakit virus, LD50 lebih dari 1000 (mg/kg, di dalamtikus), Alcyonaria spp. dikumpulkan dari wilayah sama dipamerkan diuretik,dan hypoglycaemic, kegiatan, LD50 3.16 (mg/kg, pada tikus); Montiporadivaricata dikumpulkan dari Krusadai pulau, Tamilnadu, pada bulan September yang menunjukkankegiatan hypoglycaemic, LD50 1000 (mg/kg, pada tikus), Paracondylacts spp.dikumpulkan dari Chandipur, Orissa, pada bulan April menunjukkan antiimplantation aktivitaspada tikus, LD50 lebih dari 1000 (mg/kg pada tikus); Zoanthus spp. dikumpulkan dariVeraval, Gujarat, pada bulan April menunjukkan efek kardiovaskular. SpesiesCrustacea yang menunjukkan aktivitas adalah Eurythoe complanata dikumpulkan dariChandipur pada bulan April menunjukkan aktivitas diuretik. Spesies Echinodermatayang menunjukkan aktivitas: Pentaceraster regulus dikumpulkan dari Rameswarm,Tamilnadu, pada bulan September menunjukkan aktivitas diuretik dan antivirus terhadapEncephalomyocaritis virus; Kampus Ischnochiton dikumpulkan dari Orissa diMaret dipamerkan antiimplantation aktivitas pada tikus dan CNS, LD5026,1 (mg/kg, pada tikus); Modiolus striatulus dikumpulkan dari Krishnapuram,Orissa pada bulan Februari menunjukkan aktivitas diuretik, Terebralia palustris, dikumpulkandari Andaman Selatan pada bulan April menunjukkan efek kardiovaskular. Spesies ofBioactivity dari Marine organisme 117Porifera yang menunjukkan aktivitas adalah: Axinella andamanensis dikumpulkan dariPulau kulit merah, Andaman Selatan, pada bulan April menunjukkan aktivitas kardiovaskular,LD50 46.4 (mg/kg, pada tikus), Callyspongia spinosissima dikumpulkan dariRameswaram, Tamilnadu, pada bulan September menunjukkan aktivitas antivirus terhadapRanikhet penyakit virus dan Encephalomyocarditis virus; Heteronema erectadari pulau kulit merah, Andaman Selatan di bulan September dipamerkan hypoglycaemicaktivitas, Sigmadocia pumlla dari Rameswaram, Tamilnadu, pada bulan Septembermenunjukkan, diuretik, antiimplantation kegiatan di tikus dan kardiovaskular efek;Spirastrella inconstans dari Krusadai pulau, Tamilnadu, pada bulan Septemberdipamerkan kegiatan diuretik, LD50 lebih dari 1000 (mg/kg, pada tikus danSpirastrella inconstans var. digitata dari Rameswarm, Tamilnadu, diSeptember menunjukkan aktivitas antivirus terhadap Encephalomyocarditis virus.Coelenterates banyak menghasilkan racun atau metabolit biologis aktif lainnyatidak hanya untuk pertahanan diri tetapi di kali untuk menangkap mangsa. Echinodermata adalahdikenal untuk mengandung saponin dan polyhydroxysteroids. Sebagian besar saponin inidilaporkan memiliki hemolitik aktivitas. Kebanyakan Metabolit sekunderterisolasi dari kerak yang keras moluska berbisa di alam, dan digunakan olehhewan-hewan untuk menangkap mangsa. Spons adalah yang paling luas dipelajarihewan laut. Berbagai unsur biologis aktif telah terisolasidari spons.Ekstrak organisme laut telah diuji untuk cardiovascular90 merekadan properties.91 beracun hasil pemeriksaan organisme laut 118(Karang, Alcyoniarians, moluska, Echinodermata) ditemukan di perairan pantaiIndia, untuk racunnya pada ikan dan mice petani ikan di distrik serta mereka hemolitikkegiatan yang reported.92Echinoderms yang ditemukan untuk menjadi racun bagi kedua ikan dantikus. Mereka juga dipamerkan tatanan yang tinggi hemolitik aktivitas. Alcyoniariansditemukan beracun untuk ikan dan mice, tapi punya aktivitas hemolitik lemah. TheMoluska, Patelia chathalamus, Trochus spp., Conus spp., Siganus spp. danConus tekstil ditemukan beracun untuk ikan saja, sedangkan Drupa heptogonalisditemukan mematikan hanya untuk tikus. Formosa Acropora karang dan A. milleporadipamerkan hemolitik kegiatan dan yang satunya karang beracun untuk tikus. Subergorgiasuberosa, gorgonian hanya dikumpulkan menunjukkan toksisitas mematikan juga ikansebagai kegiatan hemolitik kuat. Spons tidak menunjukkan reaksi beracun untuk ikandan tikus, tetapi menunjukkan aktivitas hemolitik lemah. Spesimen Spirastrellainconstans, Porites lutea, Pocillopora damicornis, Favites abdita, Montiporadigitata dan Noditittoria pyramidalis, dikumpulkan dari tiga lokasi yang berbedauntuk menentukan apakah mereka biotoxicity berbeda dengan perubahan ekologikondisi, menunjukkan bahwa biotoxicities mereka tidak berbeda dengan ekologiperubahan.4.4 Cari senyawa farmasi bergunaRinehert et al93 telah mencari senyawa farmasi bergunadari organisme laut. Invovled upaya pertama mereka sebuah survei organisme lautuntuk sifat-sifat antibakteri dan antijamur. Bioasai dilakukan on118 bioaktif alami produk kelautanshipboard.94 ini adalah assay kapal pertama sistematis untuk farmasiaktivitas, dan telah advantages.95,96 banyak antivirus ekstrak teraktif dimenguji kapal adalah dari tunicate yang diidentifikasi sebagai Eudistoma olivaceum,97but the extract was surprisingly inactive in the secondary assay. However, theextract of the recollected sample proved very active in both primary andsecondary assays against Herpes simplex and other viruses, confirming thevalue of on site assay. Chemical investigation of the bioactive extract ofEudistoma yielded 17 eudistomins having variously substituted β-carbolines.98,99 Although all the isolated compounds exhibited antimicrobialor antiviral activity, the most potent compounds were the tetracyclic eudistominswith the unique oxathiazepine ring. The in vivo testing of these compoundscould not be carried out due to the scarcity of the tunicate and paucity ofmany of the eudistomins. Rinehart et al100,101 have synthesised a number ofthese eudistomins. However, oxathiazepine eudistomins have been preparedin extremely poor yield.The extract of the tunicate Trididemnum solidum was found to have potentantiviral activity in bioassays carried out on shipboard.93 It was also found tobe most cytotoxic. Moreover, these activities were confirmed in in vivotesting at Upjohn,101 USA. Nine major and several minor didemnins havebeen isolated from the extract of T. solidum102-104 which is widely distributedand didemnin-B was relatively abundant in it. Syntheses of some didemninshave been reported.105,106 Didemnins are active in vivo against DNA andRNA viruses. Of these, didemnin-B is the most active. Besides, didemnin-BPameran immunosuppressant luar biasa activity.107 itu 1000 kali manjursebagai cyclosporin-A di mitogenesis T-cell menghambat. Ini juga telah ditampilkan dalamVivo kegiatan di memperpanjang kulit grafts.96 Sayangnya, didemnin-B beracun.Ecteinascidia turbinata dilaporkan berisi agent.108 antitumour ampuhKegiatan immunoregulatory menarik kemudian diamati padaEkstrak dari organism.109 kemudian, cytotoxicity ditemukan pada ekstrak.Counter kromatografi saat ini dan TLC bioautography pada kultur jaringanpiring mengakibatkan isolasi ecteinascidins hasil panen 10-4 untuk 10-6 percent.96Semua senyawa yang memiliki anti bakteri kegiatan maupun cytotoxicity terhadap L1210 leukemia cells.96Lebih dari 300 organisme laut dari Okinawan air telah disaring untukcytotoxicity, antivirus dan antimikroba activities.110 ekstrak sponsTheonella spp. ditemukan sangat sitotoksik dalam assay terhadap P 388 tumoresel-sel leukemia. Bioasai dipandu pemisahan menyebabkan isolasi yang aktifKonstituante yang ditunjuk sebagai misakinolide A, yang telah IC50 10 ng/ml dalamvitro tes dan T/C 145% pada dosis 0,5 mg/kg terhadap 388 P pada tikus. Thebiologi dan ekologi Holothurians tropis telah reviewed.111 pekerjaantelah dilakukan pada toksisitas spons dan holothurians.1125. aktinomycetesAktinomycetes memainkan peran utama dalam memproduksi antibiotik