4.2 Water and soil resources loss a

4.2 Water and soil resources loss and flooding
Deforestation also disrupts the global water cycle (Bruijnzeel, 2004). With removal of part of the forest, the area cannot hold as much water creating a drier climate. Water resources affected by deforestation include drinking water, fisheries and aquatic habitats, flood/drought control, waterways and dams affected by siltation, less appealing waterrelated recreation, and damage to crops and irrigation systems from erosion and turbidity (Anon., 1994a ; Bruijnzeel et al., 2005). Urban water protection is potentially one of the most important services that forest provides (Chomitz et al., 2007). Filtering and treating water is expensive. Forests can reduce the costs of doing so either actively by filtering runoff or passively by substituting for housing or farms that generate runoff (Dudley and Stolton, 2003). Deforestation can also result into watersheds that are no longer able to sustain and regulate water flows from rivers and streams. Once they are gone, too much water can result into downstream flooding, many of which have caused disasters in many parts of the world. This downstream flow causes soil erosion thus also silting of water courses, lakes and dams. Deforestation increases flooding mainly for two reasons. First, with a smaller ‘tree fountain’ effect, soils are more likely to be fully saturated with water. The ‘sponge’ fills up earlier in wet season, causing additional precipitation to run off and increasing flood risk. Second, deforestation often results in soil compaction unable to absorb rain. Locally, this causes a faster response of stream flows to rainfall and thus potential flash flooding (Chomitz et al., 2007). Moreover deforestation also decrease dry season flows.
The long term effect of deforestation on the soil resource can be severe. Clearing the vegetative cover for slash and burn farming exposes the soil to the intensity of the tropical sun and torrential rains. Forest floors with their leaf litter and porous soils easily accommodate intense rainfall. The effects of deforestation on water availability, flash floods and dry season flows depend on what happens to these countervailing influences of infiltration and evapotranspiration- the sponge versus the fountain (Bruijnzeel, 2004).
Deforestation and other land use changes have increased the proportion of the basin subject to erosion and so over the long run have contributed to siltation. Heavy siltation has raised the river bed increasing the risk of flooding especially in Yangtze river basin in China, the major river basins of humid tropics in East Asia and the Amazonian basin (Yin and Li, 2001; Bruijnzeel, 2004; Aylward, 2005, Bruijnzeel et al., 2005; van Noordwijk et al., 2006).
4.3 Decreased biodiversity, habitat loss and conflicts
Forests especially those in the tropics serve as storehouses of biodiversity and consequently deforestation, fragmentation and degradation destroys the biodiversity as a whole and
habitat for migratory species including the endangered ones, some of which have still to be
catalogued. Tropical forests support about two thirds of all known species and contain 65
per cent of the world’s 10, 000 endangered species (Myers and Mittermeier, 2000). Retaining
the biodiversity of the forested areas is like retaining a form of capital, until more research
can establish the relative importance of various plants and animal species (Anon., 1994a ). According to the World Health Organization, about 80 per cent of the world’s population relies for primary health care at least partially on traditional medicine. The biodiversity loss and associated large changes in forest cover could trigger abrupt, irreversible and harmful changes. These include regional climate change including feedback effects that could theoretically shift rainforests to savannas and the emergence of new pathogens as the growing trade in bushmeat increases contact between humans and animals (Anon., 2005).

Hasil (Melayu) 1:

4.2 air dan kehilangan sumber tanah dan banjirDeforestation also disrupts the global water cycle (Bruijnzeel, 2004). With removal of part of the forest, the area cannot hold as much water creating a drier climate. Water resources affected by deforestation include drinking water, fisheries and aquatic habitats, flood/drought control, waterways and dams affected by siltation, less appealing waterrelated recreation, and damage to crops and irrigation systems from erosion and turbidity (Anon., 1994a ; Bruijnzeel et al., 2005). Urban water protection is potentially one of the most important services that forest provides (Chomitz et al., 2007). Filtering and treating water is expensive. Forests can reduce the costs of doing so either actively by filtering runoff or passively by substituting for housing or farms that generate runoff (Dudley and Stolton, 2003). Deforestation can also result into watersheds that are no longer able to sustain and regulate water flows from rivers and streams. Once they are gone, too much water can result into downstream flooding, many of which have caused disasters in many parts of the world. This downstream flow causes soil erosion thus also silting of water courses, lakes and dams. Deforestation increases flooding mainly for two reasons. First, with a smaller ‘tree fountain’ effect, soils are more likely to be fully saturated with water. The ‘sponge’ fills up earlier in wet season, causing additional precipitation to run off and increasing flood risk. Second, deforestation often results in soil compaction unable to absorb rain. Locally, this causes a faster response of stream flows to rainfall and thus potential flash flooding (Chomitz et al., 2007). Moreover deforestation also decrease dry season flows. The long term effect of deforestation on the soil resource can be severe. Clearing the vegetative cover for slash and burn farming exposes the soil to the intensity of the tropical sun and torrential rains. Forest floors with their leaf litter and porous soils easily accommodate intense rainfall. The effects of deforestation on water availability, flash floods and dry season flows depend on what happens to these countervailing influences of infiltration and evapotranspiration- the sponge versus the fountain (Bruijnzeel, 2004).Deforestation and other land use changes have increased the proportion of the basin subject to erosion and so over the long run have contributed to siltation. Heavy siltation has raised the river bed increasing the risk of flooding especially in Yangtze river basin in China, the major river basins of humid tropics in East Asia and the Amazonian basin (Yin and Li, 2001; Bruijnzeel, 2004; Aylward, 2005, Bruijnzeel et al., 2005; van Noordwijk et al., 2006).4.3 Decreased biodiversity, habitat loss and conflictsForests especially those in the tropics serve as storehouses of biodiversity and consequently deforestation, fragmentation and degradation destroys the biodiversity as a whole andhabitat for migratory species including the endangered ones, some of which have still to becatalogued. Tropical forests support about two thirds of all known species and contain 65per cent of the world’s 10, 000 endangered species (Myers and Mittermeier, 2000). Retainingthe biodiversity of the forested areas is like retaining a form of capital, until more researchcan establish the relative importance of various plants and animal species (Anon., 1994a ). According to the World Health Organization, about 80 per cent of the world’s population relies for primary health care at least partially on traditional medicine. The biodiversity loss and associated large changes in forest cover could trigger abrupt, irreversible and harmful changes. These include regional climate change including feedback effects that could theoretically shift rainforests to savannas and the emergence of new pathogens as the growing trade in bushmeat increases contact between humans and animals (Anon., 2005).

Hasil (Melayu) 2:

4.2 Air dan sumber tanah kehilangan dan banjir
Penebangan hutan juga mengganggu kitaran air global (Bruijnzeel, 2004). Dengan penyingkiran sebahagian daripada hutan, kawasan itu tidak boleh mengadakan seberapa banyak air mewujudkan suasana yang lebih kering. Sumber air terjejas oleh penebangan hutan termasuk air minuman, perikanan dan habitat akuatik, kawalan banjir / kemarau, jalan air dan empangan terjejas oleh pengelodakan, rekreasi waterrelated kurang menarik, dan kerosakan kepada tanaman dan sistem pengairan daripada hakisan dan kekeruhan (Anon, 1994a;. Bruijnzeel et al., 2005). Perlindungan air bandar berpotensi salah satu perkhidmatan yang paling penting bahawa hutan menyediakan (Chomitz et al., 2007). Penapisan dan air dirawatnya mahal. Hutan boleh mengurangkan kos untuk berbuat demikian sama ada secara aktif dengan penapisan air larian atau pasif dengan menggantikan perumahan atau ladang-ladang yang menghasilkan air larian (Dudley dan Stolton, 2003). Penebangan hutan juga boleh menyebabkan ke dalam kawasan tadahan air yang tidak lagi dapat mengekalkan dan mengawal aliran air dari sungai dan anak sungai. Sebaik sahaja mereka pergi, terlalu banyak air boleh menyebabkan ke dalam banjir hiliran, ramai yang telah menyebabkan bencana di banyak tempat di dunia. Ini aliran hiliran menyebabkan hakisan tanah dengan itu juga kelodak kursus air, tasik dan empangan. Penebangan hutan kenaikan banjir terutamanya kerana dua sebab. Pertama, dengan kesan yang lebih kecil 'mata air pokok, tanah adalah lebih cenderung untuk tepu sepenuhnya dengan air. The 'span' mengisi pada awal musim hujan, menyebabkan hujan tambahan untuk lari dan meningkatkan risiko banjir. Kedua, penebangan hutan sering menyebabkan pemadatan tanah tidak dapat menyerap hujan. Di dalam negara, ini menyebabkan tindak balas yang lebih cepat sungai mengalir dengan taburan hujan dan dengan itu berpotensi banjir kilat (Chomitz et al., 2007). Lebih-lebih lagi penebangan hutan juga mengurangkan aliran musim kering.
Kesan jangka panjang penebangan hutan kepada sumber tanah boleh menjadi teruk. Penjelasan perlindungan vegetatif untuk slash dan membakar pertanian mendedahkan tanah untuk keamatan matahari tropika dan hujan lebat. Lantai hutan dengan sampah daun dan tanah poros mudah menampung hujan lebat. Kesan penebangan hutan kepada ketersediaan air, banjir kilat dan aliran musim kering bergantung kepada apa yang berlaku kepada ini pengaruh timbal balas penyusupan dan evapotranspiration- span berbanding mata air (Bruijnzeel, 2004).
Penebangan hutan dan lain-lain perubahan penggunaan tanah telah meningkat perkadaran lembangan tertakluk kepada hakisan dan sebagainya dalam jangka panjang telah menyumbang kepada pemendapan. Pengelodakan berat telah menimbulkan dasar sungai yang semakin meningkat risiko banjir terutama di Yangtze lembangan sungai di China, lembangan sungai utama tropika lembap di Asia Timur dan lembangan Amazon (Yin dan Li, 2001; Bruijnzeel, 2004; Aylward, 2005, Bruijnzeel et al, 2005;... van Noordwijk et al, 2006)
4.3 Kurang biodiversiti, kehilangan habitat dan konflik
Hutan terutama di kawasan tropika menjadi perbendaharaan biodiversiti dan seterusnya penebangan hutan, pemecahan dan kemusnahan memusnahkan biodiversiti secara keseluruhan dan
habitat spesies penghijrah termasuk yang terancam, ada yang mempunyai masih perlu
di katalog. Hutan tropika menyokong kira-kira dua pertiga daripada semua spesies yang diketahui dan mengandungi 65
peratus daripada 10, 000 spesies terancam di dunia (Myers dan Mittermeier, 2000). Mengekalkan
biodiversiti di kawasan hutan seperti mengekalkan bentuk modal, sehingga lebih banyak penyelidikan
boleh mewujudkan kepentingan relatif pelbagai tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan (Anon., 1994a). Menurut Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia, kira-kira 80 peratus daripada penduduk dunia bergantung untuk penjagaan kesihatan asas sekurang-kurangnya sebahagiannya mengenai perubatan tradisional. Kehilangan biodiversiti dan perubahan besar yang berkaitan di hutan boleh mencetuskan perubahan mendadak, tak boleh balik dan berbahaya. Ini termasuk perubahan iklim serantau termasuk kesan maklum balas yang secara teori boleh beralih hutan hujan untuk savana dan kemunculan patogen baru perdagangan yang semakin meningkat di bushmeat meningkatkan hubungan antara manusia dan haiwan (Anon., 2005).