a condition becomes rarer (such as during eradication), the case defin terjemahan - a condition becomes rarer (such as during eradication), the case defin Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

a condition becomes rarer (such as

a condition becomes rarer (such as during eradication), the case definition
often becomes more sensitive, as each probable case may be investigated.
Another aspect of surveillance evaluation is the timeliness of reporting.
For all health conditions, a measurable delay occurs between the exposure
and the report of a problem to health authorities. In the case of disease (as
opposed to most injuries), an interval exists between exposure and expression
of symptoms, in addition to the interval between (1) onset of symptoms and
diagnosis of the problem, (2) eventual reporting of the illness to public health
authorities, and (3) dissemination of that information for public health action.
For an infectious disease, these intervals may represent days or weeks,
whereas for a chronic disease, they may be measured in years. For example, a
cluster of meningoccal meningitis cases among schoolchildren represents a
public health emergency that requires immediate intervention. Other public
health actions may require detailed data but in a less urgent time frame.
The system should represent the population under consideration not only
as to demographics and geography, but also with regard to the appropriate
time frame under investigation. Historical data may not be helpful in addressing
current health problems affected by shifting demographic patterns or
changes in case definitions. Rapid dissemination of data is needed to address
acute outbreaks of communicable diseases; on the other hand, monitoring
long-term patterns of illness may permit less timely data. Finally, a cost
analysis of the system should delineate the resources used to operate the entire
system, including costs incurred by providers, insurers, and other elements of
the health services activity (Osterholm et al. 1996).
Several states have made noteworthy efforts in evaluation of surveillance
activities (Baker et al. 1995). These evaluations have identified priority activities
in data linkage and standardization, computerization, allocation of
resources, and policies on data sharing. For example, in 1993, Iowa identified
five areas of strategic importance to public health: health care reform, primary
care, prevention, integrated services, and assessment. To address these
areas, approximately 100 separate databases were identified, including surveillance
data. Priority was given to integrating, combining, or linking data in
the allocation of resources within the state. Other components included electronic
transmission, attention to the cost of data collection, system documentation,
staff resources, standardization of variables, and data sharing (Blood
1995).
Analysis and Dissemination of Surveillance Data
As with all descriptive epidemiologic data, surveillance information can be
analyzed in terms of time, place, and person. Simple tabular and graphic
techniques can be applied for display and analysis (Cates et al. 1994). More
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a condition becomes rarer (such as during eradication), the case definitionoften becomes more sensitive, as each probable case may be investigated.Another aspect of surveillance evaluation is the timeliness of reporting.For all health conditions, a measurable delay occurs between the exposureand the report of a problem to health authorities. In the case of disease (asopposed to most injuries), an interval exists between exposure and expressionof symptoms, in addition to the interval between (1) onset of symptoms anddiagnosis of the problem, (2) eventual reporting of the illness to public healthauthorities, and (3) dissemination of that information for public health action.For an infectious disease, these intervals may represent days or weeks,whereas for a chronic disease, they may be measured in years. For example, acluster of meningoccal meningitis cases among schoolchildren represents apublic health emergency that requires immediate intervention. Other publichealth actions may require detailed data but in a less urgent time frame.The system should represent the population under consideration not onlyas to demographics and geography, but also with regard to the appropriatetime frame under investigation. Historical data may not be helpful in addressingcurrent health problems affected by shifting demographic patterns orchanges in case definitions. Rapid dissemination of data is needed to addressacute outbreaks of communicable diseases; on the other hand, monitoringlong-term patterns of illness may permit less timely data. Finally, a costanalysis of the system should delineate the resources used to operate the entiresystem, including costs incurred by providers, insurers, and other elements ofthe health services activity (Osterholm et al. 1996).Several states have made noteworthy efforts in evaluation of surveillanceactivities (Baker et al. 1995). These evaluations have identified priority activitiesin data linkage and standardization, computerization, allocation ofresources, and policies on data sharing. For example, in 1993, Iowa identifiedfive areas of strategic importance to public health: health care reform, primarycare, prevention, integrated services, and assessment. To address theseareas, approximately 100 separate databases were identified, including surveillancedata. Priority was given to integrating, combining, or linking data inthe allocation of resources within the state. Other components included electronictransmission, attention to the cost of data collection, system documentation,staff resources, standardization of variables, and data sharing (Blood1995).Analysis and Dissemination of Surveillance DataAs with all descriptive epidemiologic data, surveillance information can beanalyzed in terms of time, place, and person. Simple tabular and graphictechniques can be applied for display and analysis (Cates et al. 1994). More
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kondisi menjadi langka (seperti selama pemberantasan), definisi kasus
sering menjadi lebih sensitif, karena setiap kasus kemungkinan dapat diselidiki.
Aspek lain dari evaluasi pengawasan adalah ketepatan waktu pelaporan.
Untuk semua kondisi kesehatan, penundaan terukur terjadi antara eksposur
dan laporan masalah untuk otoritas kesehatan. Dalam kasus penyakit (seperti
lawan yang paling cedera), selang waktu ada antara paparan dan ekspresi
dari gejala, selain interval antara (1) timbulnya gejala dan
diagnosis masalah, (2) pelaporan akhirnya penyakit untuk kesehatan masyarakat
berwenang, dan (3) penyebaran informasi untuk tindakan kesehatan masyarakat.
Untuk penyakit menular, interval ini dapat mewakili hari atau minggu,
sedangkan untuk penyakit kronis, mereka dapat diukur dalam beberapa tahun. Misalnya,
sekelompok kasus meningitis meningoccal antara anak-anak sekolah merupakan
keadaan darurat kesehatan masyarakat yang memerlukan intervensi segera. Publik lainnya
tindakan kesehatan mungkin memerlukan data rinci tetapi dalam kerangka waktu yang kurang mendesak.
Sistem tersebut harus mewakili populasi yang dipertimbangkan tidak hanya
untuk demografi dan geografi, tetapi juga berkaitan dengan sesuai
kerangka waktu dalam penyelidikan. Data historis mungkin tidak membantu dalam mengatasi
masalah kesehatan saat ini dipengaruhi oleh pola demografis atau pergeseran
perubahan definisi kasus. Penyebaran cepat data yang dibutuhkan untuk mengatasi
wabah akut penyakit menular; di sisi lain, pemantauan
pola jangka panjang dari penyakit dapat mengizinkan data yang kurang tepat waktu. Akhirnya, biaya
analisis sistem harus menggambarkan sumber daya yang digunakan untuk mengoperasikan seluruh
sistem, termasuk biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh penyedia, asuransi, dan unsur-unsur lain dari
kegiatan pelayanan kesehatan (Osterholm et al. 1996).
Beberapa negara telah melakukan upaya penting dalam evaluasi pengawasan
kegiatan (Baker et al. 1995). Evaluasi ini telah mengidentifikasi kegiatan prioritas
dalam data linkage dan standarisasi, komputerisasi, alokasi
sumber daya, dan kebijakan berbagi data. Misalnya, pada tahun 1993, Iowa mengidentifikasi
lima bidang kepentingan strategis terhadap kesehatan masyarakat: reformasi perawatan kesehatan, primer
perawatan, pencegahan, pelayanan terpadu, dan penilaian. Untuk mengatasi
daerah, sekitar 100 database yang terpisah diidentifikasi, termasuk pengawasan
data. Prioritas diberikan kepada mengintegrasikan, menggabungkan, atau menghubungkan data dalam
alokasi sumber daya dalam negara. Komponen lainnya termasuk elektronik
transmisi, memperhatikan biaya pengumpulan data, dokumentasi sistem,
sumber daya staf, standarisasi variabel, dan berbagi data (Darah
1995).
Analisis dan Diseminasi Surveillance data
Seperti semua data deskriptif epidemiologi, informasi surveilans dapat
dianalisis dalam hal waktu, tempat, dan orang. Tabular sederhana dan grafis
teknik dapat diterapkan untuk tampilan dan analisis (Cates et al. 1994). Lebih
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