Materials and methodsLocalities and

Materials and methods

Localities and sampling

In total, 40 peatland localities were sampled during June and July 2011 (Supplementary Table 1). The site selection was aimed to include a range of different peatland habitats in temperate Europe. The study sites were positioned in four regions: Krusne Hory Mts., Northwest Bohemia, Czech Republic; Dokesko district, Northeast Bohemia, Czech Republic; West Pomerania, Poland; and Bornholm Island, Denmark. The pH ranged from 3.3 to 7.3, and the localities ranged from typical ombrotrophic raised bogs to minerotrophic fens fed by ground and surface waters. The position of the localities on the ombrotrophic to minerotrophic gradient was estimated using a three-level scale, based on a visual inspection of their hydrography and physiognomy. The samples taken in typical ombrotrophic raised bogs (characterized by a central cupola elevated above the bog margins) that are fed mostly by the rainwater were assigned with the lowest score. Conversely, the apparent minerotrophic localities positioned at the peaty margins of lakes or in the alluvium of streams that are mostly fed by the ground or surface waters were assigned with the highest score. The intermediate localities, such as mountainous bogs with an active peat cupolla and substantial precipitation located on slopes, which increase the relative amount of surface water influx, were assigned with 2. Thus, each locality was assigned a score ranging from 1, for purely ombrotrophic bogs, to 3, for typical minerotrophic fens. In each locality, approximately 10 x 10 cm of the epipelon was sampled from the uppermost 5 mm layer using a 100 mL plastic syringe. The pH and conductivity values were measured in the field using a combined pH/conductometer (WTW 340i, WTW GmbH, Weilheim, Germany). Total nitrogen concentrations were measured using the chemiluminiscent nitrogen dioxide (N[O.sub.2]) assessment method, which involves the high-temperature catalytic conversion of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate to nitrogen dioxide. Total phosphorus concentrations were evaluated by acid persulfate digestion. Organic and condensed inorganic forms of phosphates were converted to orthophosphates by heating with acid and persulfate. Ca and Fe concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The phytobenthos samples were fixed in the field using Lugol's solution (3-4% final concentration). Two hundred desmid cells were identified in each sample during systematic inspections of the Lugol's solution-fixed samples at 400 x magnification using an Olympus BX51 light microscope equipped with a Z5060 digital microphotography equipment. Two hundred diatom cells were also identified in each sample using Naphrax (Brunel Microscopes Ltd, Wiltshire, UK) mounted permanent diatom slides at 1,000 x magnification.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Bahan dan metodePemukiman dan samplingIn total, 40 peatland localities were sampled during June and July 2011 (Supplementary Table 1). The site selection was aimed to include a range of different peatland habitats in temperate Europe. The study sites were positioned in four regions: Krusne Hory Mts., Northwest Bohemia, Czech Republic; Dokesko district, Northeast Bohemia, Czech Republic; West Pomerania, Poland; and Bornholm Island, Denmark. The pH ranged from 3.3 to 7.3, and the localities ranged from typical ombrotrophic raised bogs to minerotrophic fens fed by ground and surface waters. The position of the localities on the ombrotrophic to minerotrophic gradient was estimated using a three-level scale, based on a visual inspection of their hydrography and physiognomy. The samples taken in typical ombrotrophic raised bogs (characterized by a central cupola elevated above the bog margins) that are fed mostly by the rainwater were assigned with the lowest score. Conversely, the apparent minerotrophic localities positioned at the peaty margins of lakes or in the alluvium of streams that are mostly fed by the ground or surface waters were assigned with the highest score. The intermediate localities, such as mountainous bogs with an active peat cupolla and substantial precipitation located on slopes, which increase the relative amount of surface water influx, were assigned with 2. Thus, each locality was assigned a score ranging from 1, for purely ombrotrophic bogs, to 3, for typical minerotrophic fens. In each locality, approximately 10 x 10 cm of the epipelon was sampled from the uppermost 5 mm layer using a 100 mL plastic syringe. The pH and conductivity values were measured in the field using a combined pH/conductometer (WTW 340i, WTW GmbH, Weilheim, Germany). Total nitrogen concentrations were measured using the chemiluminiscent nitrogen dioxide (N[O.sub.2]) assessment method, which involves the high-temperature catalytic conversion of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate to nitrogen dioxide. Total phosphorus concentrations were evaluated by acid persulfate digestion. Organic and condensed inorganic forms of phosphates were converted to orthophosphates by heating with acid and persulfate. Ca and Fe concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The phytobenthos samples were fixed in the field using Lugol's solution (3-4% final concentration). Two hundred desmid cells were identified in each sample during systematic inspections of the Lugol's solution-fixed samples at 400 x magnification using an Olympus BX51 light microscope equipped with a Z5060 digital microphotography equipment. Two hundred diatom cells were also identified in each sample using Naphrax (Brunel Microscopes Ltd, Wiltshire, UK) mounted permanent diatom slides at 1,000 x magnification.