Information gathered by Balkanalysis.com from police sources, media reports and special field research in Athens indicates a steep increase in organized crime in Greece, a trend accompanied by the country’s ongoing economic crisis and marked by the involvement of transnational crime organizations and illegal immigrant groups. At the same time, the Greek authorities – with assistance from strategic foreign partners like Israel – are taking measures to combat the crime wave and reduce the power of criminal groups. Still, we expect the crime rate to increase in 2012 and into 2013.
The following report, which draws in part on exclusive information gathered by Balkanalysis.com, provides specific data about crime activity in Greece by category, concluding with a preview of measures to be taken by the Greek police in the coming months.
A Healthy Market for Illegal Weapons Trafficking
Organized crime syndicates in Greece have been expanding steadily over the past decade. The existence of an abundance of illegal firearms and illicit market for them, the concentration in certain locales of illegal immigration populations, and the severe economic crisis gripping the country have provided an ideal climate in which criminal groups are able to arm themselves, recruit “foot soldiers” and generally increase their clout.
Greek authorities estimate that some 1.5 million firearms exist in the country; however, the number of licensed owners of hunting rifles does not exceed 300,000 people, meaning that the rest of the weapons are illegally owned.
Over the past three years, police investigations accompanying the arrests of members of the so-called “neo-terrorist” groups Revolutionary Struggle and the Conspiracy Cells of Fire proved that terrorists were able to easily obtain weaponry on the black market. Weapons including pistols and ammunition are being imported by crime groups from Albania and the ex-Yugoslavia and ex-Soviet Union states, through a variety of illegal arms trafficking channels.
The Greek police estimate that currently some 300 gangs involved in trafficking weapons operate in the country. The main points of entry for them have been identified as the Greek-Albanian borders and the south coast of Crete (for weapons imported from the Middle East by ship).
The Security Directory of Police in the Attica region (which includes Athens) has issued over the years around 5,000 licenses for weapons for personal protection to citizens such as politicians, businesspeople, journalists and others who have proved their susceptibility to armed attack. All in all, only 10,000 pistols and revolvers are licences and are accounted for.
On the other hand, in the Attica prefecture alone, it is calculated that 100,000 arms are being held by citizens. The people trafficking weapons in Athens are mostly also involved in the drugs trade, racketeering and armed robberies. The black market is a very good source of a secondary income on top of their primal illegal activities.
The weapons being sold are divided into two major categories: the ‘clean’ ones, and the ‘dirty’ ones- which include those of unclear provenance. The first category includes weapons that have not been used in any previous criminal act, while the second category comprises weapons that have passed through several hands; thus, ownership of the latter becomes a risky proposition, as police may wrongly identify this purchaser with a crime, if the gun is associated with earlier robberies, homicides or other gun crimes of which the purchaser would not be aware.
On the black market in Greece, weapons prices vary significantly. For example, a Czech CZ pistol costs from a 1,000-2,000 euros, while an Austrian Glock 17 goes for up to 2.500 Euros. The equally famous Italian Berretta currently sells for around 800-1,000 Euros. Lesser value is registered for a Russian Tokarev (just 500-600 euros) and a Magnum 357 (500 euros). The prices are for used weapons; for ‘clean’ ones, prices can quadruple.
The black market for weapons exists in many areas in Athens, such as in the central Omonoia Square, and the Liosia region in the north-eastern outskirts of the city. Police note that the drugs trade and arms trafficking go hand in hand, and there have been numerous cases of barter exchange in criminal groups that sell heroin or cocaine for arms.
Robbery and other Violent Crimes on the Increase
In mid-2009, as the economy declined, a crime wave erupted in Greece. At that time, an estimated 216 burglaries were committed on a daily basis throughout the country, along with 14 armed robberies, 70 auto thefts and one homicide.
In the same year, a classified police report was leaked to the press that revealed a 42.6% increase in armed robberies compared to the previous year. Moreover, physical assaults on pedestrians for the purposes of theft increased by 83%, and robberies in super markets and groceries stores increased by 100%.
These events of 2009 represented by far the largest spike in criminal rates that Greece has ever seen. And the situation would only grow worse. In the last week of March 2010 alone, 145 armed robberies were committed in Athens. This gave Greece the dubious honor of being the EU ‘champion’ in terms of relative increase in crime rates, compared to all other member states during the period 2008-2010.
To provide a background example illustrating the contrast, a mere 80 robberies per annum were being registered in the whole of Greece back in 1980.
Beyond Athens, the past two-and-a-half years have also seen a dramatic increase in crime in the central Greece region of Thessaly. According to data from the Thessaly security police directorate, there was a 90% rise in criminal rates for the first six months of 2010. Similar trends were noted in Crete, Achaia, Korinthia, Messinia, Viotia and Thessaloniki.
Organized Crime in Greece: A Regional Nexus
The rapid growth of criminality in Greece, which is linked to the dramatic increase in illegal immigration and economic turbulence, also has a vital relation to the existence of powerful criminal groups in the Balkans.
Greece’s unemployment rate – 8% in mid-2009 – doubled in April 2011. The unemployment rate for foreigners with legal residence in the country exceeds 20% and the illegal immigrant population has more than a 50% unemployment rate. In simple terms, the legal market is unable to provide an income for a large number of the country’s residents.
Another issue is the existence of criminal networks in the wider Southeastern European region. A US State Department International Strategy for Narcotics Control report, released in March 2010, attested that Balkan countries remain major transit points for Afghan heroin, while the war against traffickers is hampered by corruption and weak state institutions.
According to the report, Albania, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina are used by narcotics traffickers to move Afghan heroin from Central Asia to destinations around Western Europe. To a lesser extent, Romania and Montenegro are also considered as staging posts for traffickers.
Apart from being an important transit country for heroin and cocaine Bulgaria is, according to the report, also a producer of illicit narcotics. With its important geographic position on several Balkan transit routes, Bulgaria is vulnerable to illegal flows of drugs, people, contraband goods and money.
For its part, Interpol is quite specific in identifying the real importance of the Balkans in the present day European narcotics market. According to the research of that organization, two primary routes are used to smuggle heroin: the Balkan Route, which runs through Southeastern Europe, and the Silk Route, which runs through Central Asia.
The anchor point for the Balkan Route is Turkey, which remains a major staging area and transportation route for heroin destined for European markets. “The Balkan Route is divided into three sub-routes: the southern route runs through Turkey, Greece, Albania and Italy,” noted an Interpol report. “The central route runs through Turkey, Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, and into either Italy or Austria; and the northern route runs from Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania to Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland or Germany.” The organization confirms that large quantities of heroin are destined for either the Netherlands or the United Kingdom on these routes.
This whole situation has direct political repercussions as well. Since the Greek electorate blames the politicians for their perceived inability to deal with the rise in crime, this in turn is directly related to the absence of a coherent policy in deterring the flow of illegal immigration in the country, and thus of reducing the operations of transnational crime syndicates.
According to Greek police sources, foreigners were responsible for about 65% of crimes committed in the country in 2010- an increase of about 50% from the previous year. (It should be noted that foreigners account for around 10% of the country’s population). It also has to be pointed out here that many more crimes committed inside the migrant communities are never reported, due to the understandable misgivings of illegal immigrants to interact with the police. Thus the actual number of crimes committed is greater than the number officially stated.
Illegal Immigration and Alternative Finance
Moreover, in its recent report on Terrorism in 2009, the US State Department pointed out that “Greece is increasingly an EU entry point for illegal immigrants coming from the Middle East and South Asia and there was concern that it could be used as a transit route for terrorists travelling to Europe and the United States. The number of illegal immigrants entering Greece, especially through the Aegean Sea, increased dramatically in 2008 and 2009, with more than 10
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