2Power and InterdependenceAnother of the distinctions that provide the terjemahan - 2Power and InterdependenceAnother of the distinctions that provide the Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

2Power and InterdependenceAnother o

2
Power and Interdependence
Another of the distinctions that provide the theoretical focus for this book is that
between power and interdependence. This distinction is related to that between
sovereignty and globalization. The realist tradition assumes that power is the ultimate
arbiter of outcomes in international relations. Both the internationalist and
the universalist traditions take interdependence as a basic assumption. Dependence
refers to a situation in which a state cannot effectively make and enforce policy on
its own, but can do so only in cooperation with another country or countries.
Interdependence is when these other countries, in turn, also find themselves
dependent on the first country. A key part of the concept of interdependence, then,
is reciprocity.1 The internationalist response to interdependence is cooperation
among states. The universalist response is the replacement of states by centralization
of decision-making.
One interpretation of the internationalist tradition would be that with multilateral
cooperation in decision-making, cooperation would replace power as the focus
of international politics. The debate between the pure cooperation position and the
pure power position has often taken place using the language of absolute and relative
gains.2 Absolute gains are gains that states make compared with what would
have been the case otherwise. For example, if a bilateral free trade agreement
increases gross economic output of the two countries that have signed it by 3 percent
over what would have been the case without the agreement, and both countries
share in that increase equally, then both countries would have absolute gains
of 3 percent in their GDPs. Relative gains are gains that a state makes in comparison
with its rivals. For example, if two rival states increase their military force levels by
3 percent each, neither will have made a relative gain, because their force levels
would have stayed the same relative to each other. If, however, one state’s force level
stays the same and that of its rival increases by one division, the first state’s relative
force level would have declined by a division, even though its absolute force level
stayed the same.
If one state makes a gain of 4 percent and the other a gain of 2 percent, both
states would have gained in absolute terms, but in relative terms, one state would
have gained and the other would have lost. Whether a state in this situation
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2Power and InterdependenceAnother of the distinctions that provide the theoretical focus for this book is thatbetween power and interdependence. This distinction is related to that betweensovereignty and globalization. The realist tradition assumes that power is the ultimatearbiter of outcomes in international relations. Both the internationalist andthe universalist traditions take interdependence as a basic assumption. Dependencerefers to a situation in which a state cannot effectively make and enforce policy onits own, but can do so only in cooperation with another country or countries.Interdependence is when these other countries, in turn, also find themselvesdependent on the first country. A key part of the concept of interdependence, then,is reciprocity.1 The internationalist response to interdependence is cooperationamong states. The universalist response is the replacement of states by centralizationof decision-making.One interpretation of the internationalist tradition would be that with multilateralcooperation in decision-making, cooperation would replace power as the focusof international politics. The debate between the pure cooperation position and thepure power position has often taken place using the language of absolute and relativegains.2 Absolute gains are gains that states make compared with what wouldhave been the case otherwise. For example, if a bilateral free trade agreementincreases gross economic output of the two countries that have signed it by 3 percentover what would have been the case without the agreement, and both countriesshare in that increase equally, then both countries would have absolute gainsof 3 percent in their GDPs. Relative gains are gains that a state makes in comparisonwith its rivals. For example, if two rival states increase their military force levels by3 percent each, neither will have made a relative gain, because their force levelswould have stayed the same relative to each other. If, however, one state’s force levelstays the same and that of its rival increases by one division, the first state’s relativeforce level would have declined by a division, even though its absolute force levelstayed the same.If one state makes a gain of 4 percent and the other a gain of 2 percent, bothstates would have gained in absolute terms, but in relative terms, one state wouldhave gained and the other would have lost. Whether a state in this situation
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2
Power dan Interdependensi
lain dari perbedaan yang memberikan fokus teoritis untuk buku ini adalah bahwa
antara kekuasaan dan saling ketergantungan. Perbedaan ini terkait dengan bahwa antara
kedaulatan dan globalisasi. Tradisi realis mengasumsikan bahwa kekuasaan adalah yang paling
arbiter hasil dalam hubungan internasional. Baik internasionalis dan
tradisi universalis mengambil saling ketergantungan sebagai asumsi dasar. Ketergantungan
mengacu pada situasi di mana negara tidak dapat secara efektif membuat dan menegakkan kebijakan
sendiri, tetapi dapat melakukannya hanya bekerjasama dengan negara atau negara-negara lain.
Interdependensi adalah ketika negara-negara lain, pada gilirannya, juga menemukan diri mereka
bergantung pada negara pertama . Bagian penting dari konsep saling ketergantungan, maka,
adalah reciprocity.1 Tanggapan internasionalis untuk saling ketergantungan adalah kerjasama
antara negara-negara. Respon universal adalah penggantian negara dengan sentralisasi
pengambilan keputusan.
Salah satu interpretasi dari tradisi internasionalis akan bahwa dengan multilateral
kerjasama dalam pengambilan keputusan, kerjasama akan menggantikan kekuasaan sebagai fokus
politik internasional. Perdebatan antara posisi kerjasama murni dan
posisi kekuatan murni sering terjadi menggunakan bahasa absolut dan relatif
keuntungan Absolute gains.2 yang keuntungan bahwa negara-negara membuat dibandingkan dengan apa yang akan
telah terjadi sebaliknya. Misalnya, jika perjanjian perdagangan bebas bilateral
meningkatkan output ekonomi bruto kedua negara yang telah menandatangani dengan 3 persen
atas apa akan terjadi tanpa perjanjian, dan kedua negara
berbagi dalam peningkatan yang sama, maka kedua negara akan memiliki mutlak keuntungan
dari 3 persen pada PDB mereka. Keuntungan relatif adalah keuntungan yang negara membuat dibandingkan
dengan para pesaingnya. Sebagai contoh, jika dua negara saingan meningkatkan tingkat kekuatan militer mereka dengan
masing-masing 3 persen, tidak akan membuat keuntungan relatif, karena tingkat kekuatan mereka
akan tinggal relatif sama satu sama lain. Namun, jika salah satu negara ' tingkat kekuatan s
tetap sama dan bahwa kenaikan saingan oleh satu divisi, negara bagian pertama ' s relatif
tingkat kekuatan akan menurun divisi, meskipun tingkat kekuatannya mutlak
tetap sama.
Jika salah satu negara membuat keuntungan sebesar 4 persen dan yang lain keuntungan dari 2 persen, kedua
negara akan memperoleh secara absolut, tetapi secara relatif, satu negara akan
telah mendapatkan dan yang lain akan kehilangan. Apakah negara dalam situasi ini
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