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• Sites of evidence lost or deposited while using the water. Shipwrecks are perhaps the most obvious example.• Sites established on or at the edge of water, which are partly or wholly submerged. These often relate to maritime infrastructure such as quays, wharves or docks.• Sites built in or over water are rarely completely accessible to investigations based solely on dry-land methods (e.g. crannogs and pile dwellings).• Sites that were established on land but are now submerged (e.g. the prehistoric sites in the eastern Gulf of Mexico or the prehistoric sites which were submerged when the English Channel flooded).• Sites which have continued to develop during a rise in water-level. Since the site will progressively retreat away from its original location, earlier elements of its development will now only be available under water.The second reason for underwater sites being important is that clues about the past are often so much better preserved than on land (figure 4.2). However, if artefacts are left exposed to seawater they will suffer from natural processes of decay (see chapter 16). Nevertheless individual objects that do survive are, to some extent, better protected from recovery or disturbance by the barrier of water above them (plate 4.1).
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