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One explanation of this phenomenon

One explanation of this phenomenon is proposed by expectation states theory (Berger, Fisek, Norman & Zelditch, 1977; Berger, Wagner & Zelditch, 1985; de Gilder & Wilke, 1994; Ridgeway, 2001). Status derives from two distinct sources:
1 Specific status characteristics - a person's attributes that relate directly to ability on the group task (e.g. being a good athlete in a sports team, a good musician in a band).
2 Diffuse status characteristics - a person's attributes that do not relate directly to ability on the group task but are generally positively or negatively valued in society (e.g. being wealthy, having a white-collar occupation, being white).
Diffuse status characteristics generate favourable expectations that are generalised to all sorts of situations, even those that may not have any relevance to what the group does. Group members simply assume that someone who rates highly on diffuse status (e.g. a medical doctor) will be more able than others to promote the group's goals (e.g. analysing trial transcripts in order to render a verdict) and therefore has higher specific status.
Specific and diffuse status are independent and additive sources of status in a newly formed group, according to a study by Knottnerus and Greenstein (1981). Female par-ticipants worked with a female confederate on two supposedly related tasks. Specific statLis was manipulated by informing participants that they had performed better or worse than the confederate on the first task - a perceptual task. Diffuse status was manipulated by leading participants to believe that they were either younger or older than the confederate. The second task, a word construction task, allowed measures of yielding to the confederate's suggestions to be used as an index of effective status. The results (see Figure 8.17) showed that participants yielded more if they believed that they were of lower specific or lower diffuse status than the confederate. Other factors shown to contribute to high status in a group include seniority, assertiveness, past task success and high group orientation.



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One explanation of this phenomenon is proposed by expectation states theory (Berger, Fisek, Norman & Zelditch, 1977; Berger, Wagner & Zelditch, 1985; de Gilder & Wilke, 1994; Ridgeway, 2001). Status derives from two distinct sources: 1 Specific status characteristics - a person's attributes that relate directly to ability on the group task (e.g. being a good athlete in a sports team, a good musician in a band). 2 Diffuse status characteristics - a person's attributes that do not relate directly to ability on the group task but are generally positively or negatively valued in society (e.g. being wealthy, having a white-collar occupation, being white). Diffuse status characteristics generate favourable expectations that are generalised to all sorts of situations, even those that may not have any relevance to what the group does. Group members simply assume that someone who rates highly on diffuse status (e.g. a medical doctor) will be more able than others to promote the group's goals (e.g. analysing trial transcripts in order to render a verdict) and therefore has higher specific status. Specific and diffuse status are independent and additive sources of status in a newly formed group, according to a study by Knottnerus and Greenstein (1981). Female par-ticipants worked with a female confederate on two supposedly related tasks. Specific statLis was manipulated by informing participants that they had performed better or worse than the confederate on the first task - a perceptual task. Diffuse status was manipulated by leading participants to believe that they were either younger or older than the confederate. The second task, a word construction task, allowed measures of yielding to the confederate's suggestions to be used as an index of effective status. The results (see Figure 8.17) showed that participants yielded more if they believed that they were of lower specific or lower diffuse status than the confederate. Other factors shown to contribute to high status in a group include seniority, assertiveness, past task success and high group orientation.
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Salah satu penjelasan dari fenomena ini diusulkan oleh teori negara ekspektasi (Berger, Fisek, Norman & Zelditch, 1977; Berger, Wagner & Zelditch, 1985; de Gilder & Wilke, 1994; Ridgeway, 2001). Status berasal dari dua sumber yang
berbeda:. 1 karakteristik Status khusus - atribut seseorang yang berhubungan langsung dengan kemampuan pada tugas kelompok (misalnya menjadi atlet yang baik dalam sebuah tim olahraga, musisi baik dalam sebuah band)
2 membaur karakteristik Status - seseorang atribut yang tidak berhubungan langsung dengan kemampuan pada tugas kelompok tapi umumnya positif atau negatif dihargai di masyarakat (misalnya menjadi kaya, memiliki pekerjaan kerah putih, yang putih).
karakteristik Status membaur menghasilkan harapan yang menguntungkan yang umum untuk segala macam situasi, bahkan mereka yang mungkin tidak memiliki relevansi apapun untuk apa yang kelompok tidak. Anggota kelompok hanya mengasumsikan bahwa seseorang yang harga sangat status menyebar (misalnya dokter) akan lebih mampu daripada yang lain untuk mempromosikan tujuan kelompok (misalnya menganalisis transkrip persidangan dalam rangka untuk membuat vonis) dan karena itu memiliki status yang spesifik yang lebih tinggi.
Spesifik dan Status difus adalah sumber independen dan aditif status dalam kelompok yang baru terbentuk, menurut sebuah studi oleh Knottnerus dan Greenstein (1981). Perempuan par-ticipants bekerja dengan konfederasi perempuan pada dua tugas seharusnya terkait. Spesifik statLis dimanipulasi dengan menginformasikan peserta yang telah mereka tampil lebih baik atau lebih buruk daripada konfederasi pada tugas pertama - tugas persepsi. Status difus dimanipulasi oleh peserta terkemuka untuk percaya bahwa mereka baik muda atau lebih tua dari konfederasi tersebut. Tugas kedua, tugas konstruksi kata, memungkinkan ukuran menghasilkan saran yang konfederasi untuk digunakan sebagai indeks status efektif. Hasil (lihat Gambar 8.17) menunjukkan bahwa peserta menghasilkan lebih banyak jika mereka percaya bahwa mereka status tertentu lebih rendah atau menyebar lebih rendah dari konfederasi tersebut. Faktor-faktor lain yang ditunjukkan untuk berkontribusi status yang tinggi dalam kelompok termasuk senioritas, ketegasan, keberhasilan tugas masa lalu dan orientasi kelompok yang tinggi.



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