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Once an organizational structure has been designed for a domestic monitoring effort, individuals will need to be recruited and trained to fill these positions. In addition to a terms of reference (TOR) explaining what they are expected and authorized to do, each position should also have clearly defined qualifications. The management of many domestic monitoring efforts consists of paid, professional staff members, who are identified through a centralized hiring process. However, the hundreds or thousands of individuals who will serve as observers are typically volunteers recruited from across the entire country. In many cases, it is preferable to decentralize recruitment and to identify volunteers from places near to where they will observe. Around election day, volunteers may also be needed for the headquarters (or observation center) to help with logistics and/or to answer telephones. Where domestic monitoring is being done by a network or coalition of groups, every effort should be taken to recruit from within the member organizations.Training should be conducted for all members of the domestic monitoring effort on each element of the electoral process which is to be observed. This includes people who will conduct activities, such as data entry or activities by telephone from the headquarters, as well as monitoring activities around the country. Cascade training – which involves individuals from one layer of the organizational structure training the people in the layer beneath them – is often the most effective. This permits the training of large number of people in a relatively short period of time and gives members of the domestic monitoring effort ownership of the exercise. Trainings for all roles should always have an agenda and, as possible, employ experiential learning techniques, such as role plays or dramas. As part of any training, all participants should also be provided information on what it means to be non-partisan and independent and should sign and read aloud a pledge governing their conduct. Trainings should also always cover the administrative and financial accounting aspects of the monitoring effort.
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