Latent change twin models. Latent c

Latent change twin models. Latent change SEM analyses are
informative about the patterns of developmental trajectories but
not about the sources. To estimate the genetic and environmental
influences on individual differences in level and change, we ran
latent change twin model analyses (Bleidorn et al., 2009; Kandler
et al., 2013). These twin models (see Figure 2) allow the disentanglement of additive genetic factors from environmental factors
shared and not shared by twins controlled for nonrandom method
(due to parcel-specific biases) and random error variance.
Structural equation twin modeling (seeNeale & Maes, 2004)
is based on the difference in the proportion of segregating genes
shared between MZ twins (100%) and DZ twins (on average
50%) and on the assumptions that components of environmental
influences are equal for MZ and DZ twins, the absence of assortative mating of twins’ parents with respect to the traits of
interest, and no interplay between genetic and environmental
factors. Larger MZ compared to DZ twin correlations are thus
attributable to differences in the genetic similarity of MZ and
DZ twins indicating genetic influences. The model also assumes
the absence of nonadditive genetic effects, because in a model
of twins reared together these effects cannot be detected in the
presence of shared environmental effects. Most of the assumptions are unproblematic with respect to personality characteristics, such as the equal environment assumption (Borkenau,
Riemann, Angleitner, & Spinath, 2002) and the absence of
assortative mating (Watson et al., 2004). In addition, estimates
of additive genetic effects derived from twin models are quite
good estimations of broad-sense heritability including additive
and nonadditive genetic factors (Hahn et al., 2012; Hill, Goddard, & Visscher, 2008).

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Perubahan laten kembar model. Perubahan laten SEM analisis adalahinformatif tentang pola-pola perkembangan lintasan tetapibukan tentang sumber-sumber. Untuk memperkirakan genetik dan lingkunganpengaruh pada perbedaan individual dalam tingkat dan perubahan, kami berlariperubahan laten kembar model analisis (Bleidorn et al., 2009; Kandleret al., 2013). Model kembar ini (Lihat gambar 2) memungkinkan penguraian dr kekusutan dari aditif faktor genetik dari faktor lingkunganberbagi dan tidak dimiliki oleh kembar yang dikendalikan untuk metode acak(karena bias paket khusus) dan acak kesalahan varians.Persamaan struktural kembar pemodelan (seeNeale & Maes, 2004)didasarkan pada perbedaan dalam proporsi pemisahan gendibagi antara MZ kembar (100%) dan DZ kembar (rata-rata50%) dan pada asumsi bahwa komponen lingkunganpengaruh sama untuk MZ dan DZ kembar, tidak adanya kawin assortative orang tua anak kembar sehubungan dengan ciri-cirikepentingan, dan tidak ada interaksi antara genetik dan lingkunganfaktor. MZ lebih besar dibandingkan dengan DZ kembar korelasi adalahdisebabkan oleh perbedaan dalam kemiripan genetik MZ danDZ kembar menunjukkan pengaruh genetik. Model juga mengasumsikantidak adanya efek genetik nonadditive, karena dalam modelkembar dipelihara bersama-sama efek ini tidak dapat dideteksi dalamkehadiran dampak lingkungan bersama. Sebagian besar asumsi-asumsi bermasalah berkaitan dengan karakteristik kepribadian, seperti lingkungan sama asumsi (Borkenau,Riemann, Angleitner, & Spinath, 2002) and the absence ofassortative mating (Watson et al., 2004). In addition, estimatesof additive genetic effects derived from twin models are quitegood estimations of broad-sense heritability including additiveand nonadditive genetic factors (Hahn et al., 2012; Hill, Goddard, & Visscher, 2008).