alongshore to the south due to the predominant wavesfrom the northwest terjemahan - alongshore to the south due to the predominant wavesfrom the northwest Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

alongshore to the south due to the

alongshore to the south due to the predominant waves
from the northwest. Griggs and Savoy (1985)suggest
that sand mining reduced the shore-connected shoals
that are prevalent along this shoreline, which protect the
beach by dissipating the winter storm wave energy
within the surf zone. The lack of shore-connected shoals
would allow the wave energy to reach the shore more
easily and erode the beach and dune face. In this manner,
it is hypothesized that sand mining contributed to dune
erosion.
Estimates of the amount of sand mined from the surf
zone vary. TheU.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1985)
estimated that a total of 540,000 m
3
were mined prior to
1959 and that about 60,000 m
3
were mined in 1959.
Dorman (1968)estimated 76,000 m
3
/yr, whereas Arnal
et al. (1973) estimated 190,000–230,000 m
3
/yr. The
amount of sand mined is difficult to accurately
determine as the mining companies went to court and
made the records proprietary, ostensibly to insure there
was no price fixing. Information on the amounts of sand
mined was provided for the Sand City operations
through personal communication with the mine operators just prior to the closing of the mines (Robinette,
1987; Battalio, 1989), and this information is the basis
for the estimates inTable 2. The estimates for the Marina
operations are based on the values provided in Sand
City, as the operations were similar. The maximum
estimate is based on the maximum amount allowed in
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers lease of 76,000 m
3
/yr
by Lone Star Industries in Sand City for the years from
1968 to 1988 and 115,000 m
3
/yr by the combined
Monterey Sand Company operations at Sand City and
Marina for the years 1968–1990. Sand mining leases
were not renewed after 1988, as it was hypothesized that
the mining contributed to erosion (Griggs and Jones,
1985). It is assumed in the lease request that the miners
conservatively overestimated their needs. The minimum
is assumed to be simply 50% of the best estimate. Based
on the best estimate, the total yearly averaged sand
mined during the intensive 1940–1984 mining period
was 128,000 m
3
/yr, which is equivalent to almost 50%
of the 270,000 m
3
/yr average dune loss.
The slopes of the recession plots are examined to
determine if the rate of recession (slope) has changed
since sand mining stopped. The dune top recessions are
compared with the amount of sand mined at the
combined Sand City operations inFig. 11and at the
combined Marina operations inFig. 12(summarized in
Table 1). The errors in the measurements (given earlier)
are indicated by the dimensions of the symbols with a
time uncertainty of +/−0.5years. The uncertainty in
slope is estimated as the difference in the minimum and
maximum slopes calculated as a regression on the
minimum and maximum measurement uncertainties.
Examining the evolution of erosion rates, there appears
to be at least a qualitative decrease in the regression
slopes for 1984–2004 after sand mining stopped
compared with the regression slopes of 1940s–1984,
during the time of intensive sand mining. Hypothesis
tests were applied to determine whether the regression
slopes have changed using a two-sidedt-distribution test
(see for example, Bowker and Liegerman, 1961). The
slopes and t-statistic values are given in Table 1. For
locations between Monterey and Sand City at alongshore distances 3 km (Fig. 11) and 4 km, there are
statistically significant decreases in the slopes. For
locations between Sand City and Marina at alongshore
distances 6 and 8 km (Fig. 12), there is a qualitative
decrease in slopes, but they are not statistically
significant. Therefore, it is concluded that sand mining
increased erosion, at least south of Sand City mining
operations.
Sand extraction can be viewed as“digging a hole”in
the surf zone, and it would be expected that sand would
be drawn from both upcoast and downcoast as well as
onshore and offshore to fill the hole (Dean, 2004).
However, since alongshore transport of sand is generally
to the south along this shoreline, it would be expected
the hole would be filled more by the upcoast drift. The
southerly transport of sand intercepted by the mining
would reduce available sand to the beaches to the south
of the mining operations. Therefore, it would be
expected that locations south of mining operations
would be more affected.
Fig. 11. Recession of dune top dune edge at locations 1 km (rectangles)
and 3 km (ellipses), and the total amount of sand mined at Sand City
operations at locations 4.8–5.6 km (seeTable 2). Regression slopes
have been calculated separately between 1940s–1984 during time of
intensive sand mining and 1984–2004 after intensive mining (see
Table 1). Uncertainties are indicated by dimensions of symbols.
56 E.B. Thornton et al. / Marine Geology 229 (2006) 45–58
A possible reason that the rate of erosion has
decreased between Monterey and Sand City is because
the average 81,000 m
3
/yr of sand mined at Sand City
during the intensive mining years of 1940–1984 was
nearly twice the average amount of 47,000 m
3
/yr
mined at Marina during the same time period. While
during this same time, the average rate of recession for
locations south of the Sand City mines (averaged over
locations 1, 3, and 4 km) was 0.85 m/yr compared
with the average rate of recession for locations south
of the Marina mines (averaged over locations 6 and
8 km) of 1.43 m/yr (seeTables 1and2). The expected
impact of stopping sand mining would be greater south
of Sand City where the erosion rate was lower, but the
volume of sand mining was greater, compared with the
larger erosion rates and lower amounts of sand mined
south of the Marina area. Therefore, it is concluded
that sand mining increased the mean recession rates,
and also affected the alongshore variation in recession
owing to the different amounts of sand extracted at the
two sites.
It was pointed out earlier that erosion is not spatially
or temporally constant. At most sites, there was an
increase in recession between the measurements just
prior to 1984 and again between 1997 and 1998, which
coincide with the 1982–83 and 1997–98 El Niños.
There are only four data points between 1984 and 2004,
resulting in only two degrees of freedom on the tstatistic. Therefore, a large change in slope is required to
have a statistically significant change, even though the
erosion rate qualitatively appears to have decreased
everywhere. The highly episodic wave climate complicates relating the volume of sand extracted by mining
operations with volumes of sand eroded along the
coast.
6. Summary and conclusions
Long-term erosion rates were measured along 18 km
of shoreline in Southern Monterey Bay from 1940 to
2004. Erosion is defined here as a recession of the top
edge of the dune. Dune erosion occurs when storm
waves and high tides coincide to undercut the base of the
sand dune causing the dune to slump onto the beach.
This results in permanent recession. Dune erosion varied
spatially alongshore for both the long-term mean, over
kilometer scales, and for the short-term seasonal
variation over scales O(200 m). Erosion occurred
along the entire 18 km shoreline and varied alongshore
at long-term rates that increase from about 0.5 m/yr at
Monterey to 1.5 m/yr near Fort Ord and then decrease
further north. Causes examined to explain the spatial
variation in erosion are: concentration of wave energy,
fluctuations in mean sea level, changes in rainfall, and
the amount of historical sand mining. It is concluded
that the primary reason for alongshore variation in
recession rates is the gradient in mean wave energy
going from small waves at Monterey, which is sheltered
by Point Piños, to larger waves northward.
Erosion is highly episodic. Erosion events are
enhanced during stormy winters and particularly during
El Niño periods, when prolonged storm waves coinciding with high tides and elevated sea level erode the
protective beach and berm, exposing the dune to wave
run-up and undercutting. Dune recession appears to be
correlated with variations in mean sea level. Mean sea
level is increased during El Niño winters. The calculated
volume loss of the dune in southern Monterey Bay
during the 1997–98 El Niño winter was 1,820,000 m
3
,
which is almost seven times the historical mean annual
dune loss of 270,000 m
3
/yr. Although during an El Niño
winter an increase in the erosion rate can be observed,
the preceding and following non-El Niño years
compensate for this increase with lower erosion rates,
keeping the overall historical trend consistent.
The Southern Monterey Bay surf zone was intensively sand mined starting in the early 1900s and
continuing until 1990. It was hypothesized that sand
mining was a primary cause of erosion in southern
Monterey Bay during this time. The best estimate of
total average yearly mined sand during the intensive
mining years 1940–1984 is 128,000 m
3
/yr, which is
equivalent to approximately 50% of the yearly averaged
Fig. 12. Recession of dune top dune edge at locations 6 km (rectangles)
and 8 km (ellipses), and total amount of sand mined at Marina
operations at locations 14.7–15.3 km (solid line) (see Table 2).
Regression slopes have been calculated separately between 1940s–
1984 during time of intensive sand mining and 1984–2004 after
intensive mining (see Table 1). Uncertainties are indicated by
dimensions of symbols.
57 E.B. Thornton et al. / Marine Geology 229 (2006) 45–58
dune volume loss during this period. Since sand mining
stopped, the erosion rates qualitatively decreased with a
significant (at 95% confidence) decrease south of the
sand mining operations in Sand City but not significant
change at Marina to the north. The alongshore changes
in erosion since the cessation of sand mining are partly
due to almost twice as much sand being mined at Sand
City as compared with Marina. Attempts to determine
average recession rates since the cessation of sand
mining are complicated by severe erosion occurrin
0/5000
Dari: -
Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
alongshore to the south due to the predominant waves
from the northwest. Griggs and Savoy (1985)suggest
that sand mining reduced the shore-connected shoals
that are prevalent along this shoreline, which protect the
beach by dissipating the winter storm wave energy
within the surf zone. The lack of shore-connected shoals
would allow the wave energy to reach the shore more
easily and erode the beach and dune face. In this manner,
it is hypothesized that sand mining contributed to dune
erosion.
Estimates of the amount of sand mined from the surf
zone vary. TheU.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1985)
estimated that a total of 540,000 m
3
were mined prior to
1959 and that about 60,000 m
3
were mined in 1959.
Dorman (1968)estimated 76,000 m
3
/yr, whereas Arnal
et al. (1973) estimated 190,000–230,000 m
3
/yr. The
amount of sand mined is difficult to accurately
determine as the mining companies went to court and
made the records proprietary, ostensibly to insure there
was no price fixing. Information on the amounts of sand
mined was provided for the Sand City operations
through personal communication with the mine operators just prior to the closing of the mines (Robinette,
1987; Battalio, 1989), and this information is the basis
for the estimates inTable 2. The estimates for the Marina
operations are based on the values provided in Sand
City, as the operations were similar. The maximum
estimate is based on the maximum amount allowed in
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers lease of 76,000 m
3
/yr
by Lone Star Industries in Sand City for the years from
1968 to 1988 and 115,000 m
3
/yr by the combined
Monterey Sand Company operations at Sand City and
Marina for the years 1968–1990. Sand mining leases
were not renewed after 1988, as it was hypothesized that
the mining contributed to erosion (Griggs and Jones,
1985). It is assumed in the lease request that the miners
conservatively overestimated their needs. The minimum
is assumed to be simply 50% of the best estimate. Based
on the best estimate, the total yearly averaged sand
mined during the intensive 1940–1984 mining period
was 128,000 m
3
/yr, which is equivalent to almost 50%
of the 270,000 m
3
/yr average dune loss.
The slopes of the recession plots are examined to
determine if the rate of recession (slope) has changed
since sand mining stopped. The dune top recessions are
compared with the amount of sand mined at the
combined Sand City operations inFig. 11and at the
combined Marina operations inFig. 12(summarized in
Table 1). The errors in the measurements (given earlier)
are indicated by the dimensions of the symbols with a
time uncertainty of +/−0.5years. The uncertainty in
slope is estimated as the difference in the minimum and
maximum slopes calculated as a regression on the
minimum and maximum measurement uncertainties.
Examining the evolution of erosion rates, there appears
to be at least a qualitative decrease in the regression
slopes for 1984–2004 after sand mining stopped
compared with the regression slopes of 1940s–1984,
during the time of intensive sand mining. Hypothesis
tests were applied to determine whether the regression
slopes have changed using a two-sidedt-distribution test
(see for example, Bowker and Liegerman, 1961). The
slopes and t-statistic values are given in Table 1. For
locations between Monterey and Sand City at alongshore distances 3 km (Fig. 11) and 4 km, there are
statistically significant decreases in the slopes. For
locations between Sand City and Marina at alongshore
distances 6 and 8 km (Fig. 12), there is a qualitative
decrease in slopes, but they are not statistically
significant. Therefore, it is concluded that sand mining
increased erosion, at least south of Sand City mining
operations.
Sand extraction can be viewed as“digging a hole”in
the surf zone, and it would be expected that sand would
be drawn from both upcoast and downcoast as well as
onshore and offshore to fill the hole (Dean, 2004).
However, since alongshore transport of sand is generally
to the south along this shoreline, it would be expected
the hole would be filled more by the upcoast drift. The
southerly transport of sand intercepted by the mining
would reduce available sand to the beaches to the south
of the mining operations. Therefore, it would be
expected that locations south of mining operations
would be more affected.
Fig. 11. Recession of dune top dune edge at locations 1 km (rectangles)
and 3 km (ellipses), and the total amount of sand mined at Sand City
operations at locations 4.8–5.6 km (seeTable 2). Regression slopes
have been calculated separately between 1940s–1984 during time of
intensive sand mining and 1984–2004 after intensive mining (see
Table 1). Uncertainties are indicated by dimensions of symbols.
56 E.B. Thornton et al. / Marine Geology 229 (2006) 45–58
A possible reason that the rate of erosion has
decreased between Monterey and Sand City is because
the average 81,000 m
3
/yr of sand mined at Sand City
during the intensive mining years of 1940–1984 was
nearly twice the average amount of 47,000 m
3
/yr
mined at Marina during the same time period. While
during this same time, the average rate of recession for
locations south of the Sand City mines (averaged over
locations 1, 3, and 4 km) was 0.85 m/yr compared
with the average rate of recession for locations south
of the Marina mines (averaged over locations 6 and
8 km) of 1.43 m/yr (seeTables 1and2). The expected
impact of stopping sand mining would be greater south
of Sand City where the erosion rate was lower, but the
volume of sand mining was greater, compared with the
larger erosion rates and lower amounts of sand mined
south of the Marina area. Therefore, it is concluded
that sand mining increased the mean recession rates,
and also affected the alongshore variation in recession
owing to the different amounts of sand extracted at the
two sites.
It was pointed out earlier that erosion is not spatially
or temporally constant. At most sites, there was an
increase in recession between the measurements just
prior to 1984 and again between 1997 and 1998, which
coincide with the 1982–83 and 1997–98 El Niños.
There are only four data points between 1984 and 2004,
resulting in only two degrees of freedom on the tstatistic. Therefore, a large change in slope is required to
have a statistically significant change, even though the
erosion rate qualitatively appears to have decreased
everywhere. The highly episodic wave climate complicates relating the volume of sand extracted by mining
operations with volumes of sand eroded along the
coast.
6. Summary and conclusions
Long-term erosion rates were measured along 18 km
of shoreline in Southern Monterey Bay from 1940 to
2004. Erosion is defined here as a recession of the top
edge of the dune. Dune erosion occurs when storm
waves and high tides coincide to undercut the base of the
sand dune causing the dune to slump onto the beach.
This results in permanent recession. Dune erosion varied
spatially alongshore for both the long-term mean, over
kilometer scales, and for the short-term seasonal
variation over scales O(200 m). Erosion occurred
along the entire 18 km shoreline and varied alongshore
at long-term rates that increase from about 0.5 m/yr at
Monterey to 1.5 m/yr near Fort Ord and then decrease
further north. Causes examined to explain the spatial
variation in erosion are: concentration of wave energy,
fluctuations in mean sea level, changes in rainfall, and
the amount of historical sand mining. It is concluded
that the primary reason for alongshore variation in
recession rates is the gradient in mean wave energy
going from small waves at Monterey, which is sheltered
by Point Piños, to larger waves northward.
Erosion is highly episodic. Erosion events are
enhanced during stormy winters and particularly during
El Niño periods, when prolonged storm waves coinciding with high tides and elevated sea level erode the
protective beach and berm, exposing the dune to wave
run-up and undercutting. Dune recession appears to be
correlated with variations in mean sea level. Mean sea
level is increased during El Niño winters. The calculated
volume loss of the dune in southern Monterey Bay
during the 1997–98 El Niño winter was 1,820,000 m
3
,
which is almost seven times the historical mean annual
dune loss of 270,000 m
3
/yr. Although during an El Niño
winter an increase in the erosion rate can be observed,
the preceding and following non-El Niño years
compensate for this increase with lower erosion rates,
keeping the overall historical trend consistent.
The Southern Monterey Bay surf zone was intensively sand mined starting in the early 1900s and
continuing until 1990. It was hypothesized that sand
mining was a primary cause of erosion in southern
Monterey Bay during this time. The best estimate of
total average yearly mined sand during the intensive
mining years 1940–1984 is 128,000 m
3
/yr, which is
equivalent to approximately 50% of the yearly averaged
Fig. 12. Recession of dune top dune edge at locations 6 km (rectangles)
and 8 km (ellipses), and total amount of sand mined at Marina
operations at locations 14.7–15.3 km (solid line) (see Table 2).
Regression slopes have been calculated separately between 1940s–
1984 during time of intensive sand mining and 1984–2004 after
intensive mining (see Table 1). Uncertainties are indicated by
dimensions of symbols.
57 E.B. Thornton et al. / Marine Geology 229 (2006) 45–58
dune volume loss during this period. Since sand mining
stopped, the erosion rates qualitatively decreased with a
significant (at 95% confidence) decrease south of the
sand mining operations in Sand City but not significant
change at Marina to the north. The alongshore changes
in erosion since the cessation of sand mining are partly
due to almost twice as much sand being mined at Sand
City as compared with Marina. Attempts to determine
average recession rates since the cessation of sand
mining are complicated by severe erosion occurrin
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
sejajar ke selatan karena gelombang dominan
dari barat laut. Griggs dan Savoy (1985) menunjukkan
bahwa penambangan pasir mengurangi beting terhubung pantai-
yang lazim di sepanjang garis pantai ini, yang melindungi
pantai dengan menghamburkan energi gelombang badai musim dingin
dalam zona surfing. Kurangnya beting terhubung pantai-
akan memungkinkan energi gelombang untuk mencapai pantai yang lebih
mudah dan mengikis pantai dan bukit pasir wajah. Dengan cara ini,
hipotesis bahwa penambangan pasir kontribusi terhadap gundukan
erosi.
Perkiraan jumlah pasir ditambang dari surfing
zona bervariasi. TheU.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1985)
memperkirakan bahwa total 540.000 m
3
yang ditambang sebelum
tahun 1959 dan bahwa sekitar 60.000 m
3
yang ditambang pada tahun 1959.
Dorman (1968) memperkirakan 76.000 m
3
/ tahun, sedangkan Arnal
et al. (1973) memperkirakan 190,000-230,000 m
3
/ tahun. The
jumlah pasir ditambang sulit untuk secara akurat
menentukan sebagai perusahaan tambang pergi ke pengadilan dan
membuat catatan proprietary, seolah-olah untuk memastikan ada
tidak ada penetapan harga. Informasi tentang jumlah pasir
ditambang disediakan untuk operasi Sand City
melalui komunikasi personal dengan operator tambang sesaat sebelum penutupan tambang (Robinette,
1987; Battalio, 1989), dan informasi ini merupakan dasar
untuk perkiraan pada Tabel 2 . Perkiraan untuk Marina
operasi didasarkan pada nilai-nilai yang diberikan dalam Sand
City, seperti operasi serupa. Maksimum
estimasi ini didasarkan pada jumlah maksimum yang diperbolehkan dalam
US Army Corps of Engineers sewa 76.000 m
3
/ tahun
dengan Lone Star Industries di Sand City untuk tahun dari
1968 hingga 1988 dan 115.000 m
3
/ tahun dengan menggabungkan
Monterey Pasir Perusahaan operasi di Sand City dan
Marina untuk tahun 1968-1990. Sewa penambangan pasir
yang tidak diperpanjang setelah tahun 1988, seperti yang dihipotesiskan bahwa
pertambangan memberikan kontribusi terhadap erosi (Griggs dan Jones,
1985). Diasumsikan dalam permintaan sewa yang para penambang
konservatif berlebihan kebutuhan mereka. Minimum
diasumsikan hanya 50% dari estimasi terbaik. Berdasarkan
estimasi terbaik, total tahunan rata-rata pasir
ditambang selama periode 1940-1984 pertambangan intensif
adalah 128.000 m
3
/ tahun, yang setara dengan hampir 50%
dari 270.000 m
3
/ tahun rata-rata kehilangan dune.
Lereng resesi plot diperiksa untuk
menentukan apakah tingkat resesi (kemiringan) telah berubah
sejak penambangan pasir berhenti. Resesi gundukan top
dibandingkan dengan jumlah pasir ditambang di
gabungan operasi Sand City inFig. 11 dan di
Marina operasi inFig gabungan. 12 (diringkas dalam
Tabel 1). Kesalahan dalam pengukuran (diberikan sebelumnya)
ditandai dengan dimensi simbol dengan
ketidakpastian waktu +/- 0.5years. Ketidakpastian di
lereng diperkirakan sebagai perbedaan dalam minimum dan
maksimum lereng dihitung sebagai regresi pada
ketidakpastian pengukuran minimum dan maksimum.
Meneliti evolusi tingkat erosi, tampaknya ada
setidaknya penurunan kualitatif dalam regresi
lereng untuk 1984- 2004 setelah penambangan pasir dihentikan
dibandingkan dengan lereng regresi 1940-tahun 1984,
pada masa penambangan pasir intensif. Hipotesis
tes yang diterapkan untuk menentukan apakah regresi
lereng telah diubah dengan menggunakan uji dua-sidedt-distribusi
(lihat misalnya, Bowker dan Liegerman, 1961). Para
lereng dan nilai t-statistik yang diberikan dalam Tabel 1. Untuk
lokasi antara Monterey dan Sand City pada jarak sejajar 3 km (Gambar. 11) dan 4 km, terdapat
penurunan signifikan secara statistik pada lereng. Untuk
lokasi antara Sand City dan Marina di sejajar
jarak 6 dan 8 km (Gambar. 12), ada kualitatif
penurunan lereng, tetapi mereka tidak secara statistik
signifikan. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambangan pasir
peningkatan erosi, setidaknya selatan pertambangan Sand City
operasi.
ekstraksi Pasir dapat dilihat sebagai "menggali lubang" di
zona surfing, dan itu akan diharapkan pasir akan
ditarik dari kedua upcoast dan downcoast serta
darat dan lepas pantai untuk mengisi lubang (Dean, 2004).
Namun, karena transportasi sejajar pantai pasir umumnya
ke selatan di sepanjang garis pantai ini, diharapkan
lubang akan diisi lainnya drift upcoast. The
transportasi selatan pasir dicegat oleh pertambangan
akan mengurangi pasir yang tersedia ke pantai di selatan
dari operasi pertambangan. Oleh karena itu, akan
diharapkan lokasi selatan dari operasi pertambangan
akan lebih terpengaruh.
Gambar. 11. Resesi dari gundukan atas gundukan tepi pada lokasi 1 km (persegi panjang)
dan 3 km (elips), dan jumlah total pasir ditambang di Sand City
operasi di lokasi 4,8-5,6 km (lihat Tabel 2). Lereng regresi
telah dihitung secara terpisah antara tahun 1940-1984 selama masa
penambangan pasir intensif dan 1984-2004 setelah pertambangan intensif (lihat
Tabel 1). Ketidakpastian ditunjukkan dengan dimensi simbol.
56 EB Thornton et al. / Geologi Kelautan 229 (2006) 45-58
Alasan yang mungkin bahwa tingkat erosi telah
menurun antara Monterey dan Sand City karena
rata-rata 81.000 m
3
/ tahun pasir ditambang di Sand City
selama tahun-tahun pertambangan intensif 1940-1984 adalah
hampir dua kali jumlah rata-rata 47.000 m
3
/ tahun
ditambang di Marina selama periode waktu yang sama. Sementara
pada waktu yang sama, rata-rata resesi untuk
lokasi selatan tambang Pasir Kota (rata-rata lebih dari
lokasi 1, 3, dan 4 km) adalah 0,85 m / tahun dibandingkan
dengan rata-rata tingkat resesi untuk lokasi selatan
tambang Marina (rata-rata lebih dari 6 lokasi dan
8 km) dari 1,43 m / tahun (seeTables 1and2). Diharapkan
dampak menghentikan penambangan pasir akan lebih besar selatan
dari Sand City di mana tingkat erosi lebih rendah, tetapi
volume penambangan pasir lebih besar, dibandingkan dengan
tingkat erosi yang lebih besar dan jumlah yang lebih rendah dari pasir yang ditambang
selatan dari daerah Marina. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan
bahwa penambangan pasir meningkatkan tingkat resesi berarti,
dan juga mempengaruhi variasi sejajar dalam resesi
karena jumlah yang berbeda dari pasir diekstraksi di
dua lokasi.
Hal ini menunjukkan awal erosi yang tidak spasial
atau temporal konstan. Pada sebagian besar situs, ada
peningkatan dalam resesi antara pengukuran hanya
sebelum tahun 1984 dan antara 1997 dan 1998, yang
bertepatan dengan 1982-1983 dan 1997-1998 El Niño.
Hanya ada empat titik data antara tahun 1984 dan 2004,
sehingga hanya dua derajat kebebasan pada tstatistik tersebut. Oleh karena itu, perubahan besar pada lereng diperlukan untuk
memiliki perubahan signifikan secara statistik, meskipun
tingkat erosi kualitatif tampaknya telah menurun
di mana-mana. Iklim gelombang yang sangat episodik mempersulit berkaitan volume pasir yang diambil oleh pertambangan
operasi dengan volume pasir terkikis sepanjang
pantai.
6. Ringkasan dan kesimpulan
tingkat erosi jangka panjang yang diukur sepanjang 18 km
dari garis pantai di selatan Monterey Bay dari tahun 1940 sampai
2004. Erosi didefinisikan di sini sebagai resesi atas
tepi bukit pasir. Erosi Dune terjadi ketika badai
gelombang dan pasang tinggi bertepatan melemahkan dasar
gundukan pasir menyebabkan gundukan yang merosot ke pantai.
Hal ini menyebabkan resesi permanen. Erosi Dune bervariasi
secara spasial sejajar untuk kedua rata-rata jangka panjang, lebih
skala kilometer, dan untuk musiman jangka pendek
variasi atas skala O (200 m). Erosi terjadi
di sepanjang 18 km garis pantai dan bervariasi sejajar
harga di jangka panjang yang meningkat dari sekitar 0,5 m / tahun di
Monterey 1,5 m / tahun di dekat Fort Ord dan kemudian menurun
lebih jauh ke utara. Penyebab diperiksa untuk menjelaskan spasial
variasi dalam erosi adalah: konsentrasi energi gelombang,
fluktuasi permukaan laut, perubahan curah hujan, dan
jumlah penambangan pasir sejarah. Hal ini disimpulkan
bahwa alasan utama untuk variasi sejajar di
tingkat resesi adalah gradien energi gelombang rata-rata
pergi dari gelombang kecil di Monterey, yang terlindung
oleh titik Pinos, gelombang besar utara.
Erosi sangat episodik. Peristiwa erosi yang
ditingkatkan selama musim dingin badai dan khususnya selama
periode El Niño, ketika gelombang badai yang berkepanjangan bertepatan dengan gelombang tinggi dan permukaan laut tinggi mengikis
pantai pelindung dan tanggul, memperlihatkan gundukan untuk gelombang
run-up dan meremehkan. Resesi Dune tampaknya
berkorelasi dengan variasi permukaan laut. Berarti laut
tingkat meningkat selama El Nino musim dingin. Dihitung
kerugian volume gundukan di selatan Monterey Bay
selama musim dingin 1997-1998 El Niño adalah 1.820.000 m
3
,
yang hampir tujuh kali sejarah tahunan rata-rata
kehilangan dune dari 270.000 m
3
/ tahun. Meskipun selama El Niño
musim dingin peningkatan laju erosi dapat diamati,
yang sebelum dan sesudahnya non-El Niño tahun
mengkompensasi kenaikan ini dengan tingkat erosi yang lebih rendah,
menjaga tren historis keseluruhan konsisten.
The Southern Monterey Bay zona surfing adalah intensif pasir ditambang dimulai pada awal 1900-an dan
berlanjut sampai tahun 1990. Itu adalah hipotesis bahwa pasir
tambang adalah penyebab utama erosi di selatan
Monterey Bay selama ini. Estimasi terbaik dari
total rata-rata tahunan pasir ditambang selama intensif
tahun pertambangan 1940-1984 adalah 128.000 m
3
/ tahun, yang
setara dengan sekitar 50% dari rata-rata tahunan
Gambar. 12. Resesi dari gundukan atas gundukan tepi di lokasi 6 km (persegi panjang)
dan 8 km (elips), dan jumlah pasir ditambang di Marina
operasi di lokasi 14,7-15,3 km (garis utuh) (lihat Tabel 2).
lereng regresi memiliki dihitung secara terpisah antara 1940s-
1984 selama waktu penambangan pasir intensif dan 1984-2004 setelah
pertambangan intensif (lihat Tabel 1). Ketidakpastian ditunjukkan dengan
dimensi simbol.
57 EB Thornton et al. / Geologi Kelautan 229 (2006) 45-58
gundukan penyusutan volume selama periode ini. Karena penambangan pasir
berhenti, tingkat erosi kualitatif menurun dengan
signifikan (sebesar 95% confidence) menurun selatan dari
kegiatan penambangan pasir di Sand City tetapi tidak signifikan
perubahan di Marina di utara. Perubahan sejajar
erosi sejak penghentian penambangan pasir yang sebagian
disebabkan hampir dua kali lebih banyak pasir yang ditambang di Pasir
Kota dibandingkan dengan Marina. Upaya untuk menentukan
tingkat resesi rata-rata sejak penghentian pasir
tambang dipersulit oleh occurrin erosi yang parah
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
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