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How about the valued genres that di

How about the valued genres that discourse communities that “possess in the communicative furtherance of their goals”? (Swales 1990: 26) Again, we run into instability and evolution of texts augmented by the situated nature of literacies. Berkenkotter and Huckin (1995), borrowing from Bakhtin (1981), note the centripetal forces that contribute to the prototypicality of genres across situations but the centrifugal forces that require that a genre be revised for a specific rhetorical situation.

3.3. Situated texts and their domains (activity systems)
Therefore, though valued genres and discourse communities may, in fact, be highly salient to disciplinary faculty, it is the specific situation in which a genre appears that determines how it will be successfully written and interpreted. In a new volume on the rhetoric of everyday life, Nystrand and Duffy (2003: vii) discuss the importance of this situated ness:

...the leading edge of research on writing, reading, and literacy these days is defined by its intersection with sociocultural, historical, political, disciplinary, instrumental and everyday context –each situated and domain-specific

In each situation, writers draw from community genre knowledge and domain and revise texts to serve their own purposes within a rhetorical site. To give a personal example: though I wrote many acceptance and rejection letters (each of which was somewhat different) in my years as co-editor of the journal, English for Specific Purposes, my more recent letters in the same genre written as guest editor of a special issue of Across the Disciplines are varied to meet the requirements of that journal and the particular context and audience with which I am working. What can I borrow from my accumulated genre knowledge? Certain forms of politeness and format and not much else.
Each rhetorical situation is highly complex, of course, for it embodies the values and genres of the discourse community and their interactions, writer purposes, the physical attributes of the context, and other factors. How can we theorize a literacy site, then? Russell (1997), drawing from theories developed by Cole and Engeström (1993), posits that activity theory may provide explanatory adequacy. The key term in activity theory is “system.” There is an activity system (such as a laboratory) in which a variety of texts appear, are developed, and interact. Participants “use certain genres but not others at certain times but not others” so there is also a genre system within the context. And, of course, there is a group of people with different roles (also a system) who are involved in meaningful and productive activities in the site. Russell (1997: 520) uses the activity system of the classroom to show how participants interact through texts:
The teacher writes the assignments; the students write responses in classroom genres. The administrators write the grade for; the teacher fills it out. The parents or government officials write the checks; the administrators write the receipts and send out the transcripts. It is through this microstructural circulation of texts and other tools in genres, these regularized shared expectations for tool use within and among systems of purposeful interaction that macro social structure is (re-)created. At the same time in the same fundamental way, the identities of individuals and groups and subgroups are (re-) created.
Russell (1997: 522) points out that an activity system is both temporarily stabilized and evolving, that the genres that appear at any moment in time are only stabilized-for-now. Thus “genres predict – but do not determine [the text] structure.”

We teachers are very familiar with the classroom. However, different systems operate in other literacy sites. Windsor (2000: 164), studying an engineering firm, discovered complex, overlapping systems and a hierarchical writing process during which the technicians’ work “disappeared into the work of the engineers.” She concludes that “being in a powerful position may allow one to use the knowledge someone else has generated, but being able to use that knowledge is one of the things that generates the powerful position.” In her research, the systems interact and the writing of technicians is buried as engineers produce the valued genres.
Mathieson (2004), studying engineering in an academic setting, found that the “texts” central to journal articles and grants are, not surprisingly, visual and numerical, thus influencing that particular activity system.
What can we say, then, to the teachers, and their students, who are looking for answers, who want researchers to inform them about what the experts in their disciplines know and how to read and write successfully in a number of contexts? How can we make the complex nature of writer purpose, activity system, and “stabilized for now” genres accessible to students? If we even understood the activity systems in which our students will be working, could we replicate them, and their genres, for the classroom? Freedman and Medway (1994: 11), North American New Rhetoricians (see Johns 2002, for a discussion of their theories and research.) claim that we cannot import students’ authentic literacy experiences into our EAP classrooms. However, Coe, another New Rhetorician, claims that an appropriate use of the term “genre” opens the door to student discovery. Coe (1994: 159) claims that “Genre epitomizes the significance of approaching reading and writing as social processes in which individuals participate without necessarily being entirely conscious of what the social processes are.” He continues by arguing that we need to raise students’ consciousness of the complex and social nature of texts within academic and professional settings.
For years, I have been working on this consciousness raising in my own first year university classroom (Johns 1997). Now, I am attempting to write a first year university textbook intended to be both appropriate to the research topics I have discussed here and accessible to busy teachers and students (Johns in process). Needless to say, it is not an easy job; but others have already entered this field (Trimmer 2001; Devitt, Reigg, and Bawarshi 2004) and it is important for our pedagogical work to reflect research and theory.
3.4. Multi-modal environments
So far, I have not mentioned the activity systems that are central to most of our students’ lives, found on the Internet, ipods, and in other technologies. Many of our (more privileged) students have grown up with technology; they use the Internet, the cell phone, the palm pilot and other tools frequently and for a variety of purposes. This dependence upon technology marks a truly significant departure from reliance upon print texts. In a recent discussion of the influences of computers upon writing, for example, Chartier (1995: 15) says:

...the substitution of the screen for codex is a far more radical transformation than that brought on by Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press; it changes the methods of organization, structure, consultation, and even the appearance of the written word.
We see evidence for Chartier’s argument every day. By producing texts in these environments (e.g., web-logs/blogs), students can bring their personal lives to the world. They can write expressively in short, fragmented, and ungrammatical texts and be read immediately by often appreciative audiences. They can make links, use gestures, and impart visual information with technical ease. However, these technologies do not encourage extended, thoughtful, critical and well-argued texts. And that’s a problem for EAP writing classes. In their landmark publication, Cope and Kalantzis (2000: 7) speak of six “design elements” in our current students’ meaning making processes:
Linguistic meaning (now, of course, complicated by the implications of corpus linguistics)
Audio meaning (noise is central to our students’ lives)
Visual meaning (in various media, including the Internet)
Gestural meaning (including “gestures” in texts)
Special meaning (again, the Internet provides significant possibilities)
The Multimodal patterns of meaning that relate the first five modes to each other.

How do we bring these meanings into the EAP classroom? How can assist students in analyzing and critiquing their varied textual experiences? Here is a great opportunity to draw from what they know to lead them into information competence and visual literacy activities such as critiquing websites.
Also important to our teaching can be the technological tools, the many sources available to students on the Internet for their writing, in particular. I happen to be working with Houghton Mifflin on my textbook (Johns in process), so I am most familiar with their tool, Write Space, which undoubtedly resembles other literacy tools of this type. Write Space is embedded within the Blackboard Classroom management system, providing modules for process writing, interactive exercises, an on-line handbook, real time tutoring and feedback. My editors tell me that they will be able to tailor a Write Space component to interact with my textbook, to use the Internet for a variety of approaches to understanding the complexity of genre and context.
Thus the new technologies offer challenges to EAP as students use it for quick chat and research. They also give us possibilities for out-of-class literacy assistance. We need to make full use of their potential in our academic literacy classrooms as we draw from students’ interests and knowledge.


3.5. The writer in the text: voice, persona, stance, and evaluation
Amidst this talk about context, genres, and technology, the writer still must still be considered in research. Silva and Brice (2004) find the concept of writer’s voice to be an emerging issue in L2 language research. I-chat and BLOGS are voiced, expressive, personal, and often direct, and our students love this
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Bagaimana tentang genre dihargai bahwa wacana masyarakat yang "memiliki dalam pemajuan komunikatif tujuan mereka"? (Swales 1990:26) Sekali lagi, kita mengalami ketidakstabilan dan evolusi dari teks-teks yang ditambah oleh sifat terletak literacies. Berkenkotter dan Huckin (1995), meminjam dari Bakhtin (1981), perhatikan pasukan sentripetal yang berkontribusi prototypicality genre di seluruh situasi tetapi pasukan sentrifugal yang memerlukan bahwa sebuah genre direvisi untuk situasi tertentu retoris. 3.3. terletak teks dan domain mereka (aktivitas sistem) Oleh karena itu, meskipun dihargai genre dan wacana masyarakat, pada kenyataannya, mungkin sangat menonjol untuk disiplin fakultas, itu adalah situasi tertentu di mana sebuah genre muncul yang menentukan bagaimana ia akan berhasil ditulis dan ditafsirkan. Volume baru pada retorika kehidupan sehari-hari, Nystrand dan Duffy (2003: vii) membahas pentingnya ness ini terletak: .. .suatu terdepan dalam penelitian menulis, membaca dan keaksaraan hari ini didefinisikan oleh persimpangan dengan instrumental penerangan, sejarah, politik, disiplin, dan konteks sehari-hari – masing-masing terletak dan domain-spesifikDalam setiap situasi, penulis menarik dari komunitas genre pengetahuan dan domain dan merevisi teks untuk melayani tujuan mereka sendiri dalam sebuah situs retoris. Untuk memberikan contoh pribadi: meskipun saya menulis banyak penerimaan dan penolakan Surat (masing-masing adalah agak berbeda) tahun saya sebagai co-editor jurnal, English for Academic Purposes, Surat saya lebih baru dalam genre yang sama ditulis sebagai editor tamu edisi khusus di seluruh disiplin yang bervariasi untuk memenuhi persyaratan dari jurnal dan konteks tertentu dan penonton yang saya bekerja. Apa yang dapat saya pinjam dari pengetahuan akumulasi genre saya? Bentuk-bentuk tertentu dari kesopanan dan format dan tidak banyak lagi.Setiap situasi retoris sangat kompleks, tentu saja, untuk mewujudkan nilai-nilai dan genre wacana masyarakat dan interaksi mereka, penulis tujuan, atribut fisik konteks, dan faktor lainnya. Bagaimana kita dapat berteori situs keaksaraan, kemudian? Russell (1997), menggambar dari teori-teori yang dikembangkan oleh Cole dan Engeström (1993), berpendapat bahwa teori aktivitas dapat menyediakan kecukupan penjelasan. Istilah kunci dalam teori aktivitas adalah "sistem." Ada sebuah sistem kegiatan (seperti laboratorium) di mana berbagai teks muncul, dikembangkan, dan berinteraksi. Peserta "menggunakan genre tertentu tetapi tidak yang lain di waktu-waktu tertentu tetapi tidak yang lain" sehingga ada juga sistem genre dalam konteks. Dan, tentu saja, ada sekelompok orang dengan peran yang berbeda (juga sistem) yang terlibat dalam kegiatan yang bermakna dan produktif di situs. Russell (1997:520) menggunakan sistem aktivitas kelas untuk menunjukkan bagaimana peserta berinteraksi melalui teks: Guru menulis tugas; siswa menulis tanggapan kelas genre. Para administrator menulis kelas guru mengisi itu. Para orang tua atau pejabat pemerintah menulis cek; para administrator menulis kuitansi dan mengirimkan transkrip. Melalui sirkulasi ini microstructural teks dan alat-alat lain dalam genre, ini disiarkan berbagi harapan untuk menggunakan alat dalam dan antara sistem interaksi tujuan bahwa struktur sosial makro (re-) dibuat. Pada saat yang sama dengan cara dasar yang sama, identitas individu dan kelompok dan subkumpulan-subkumpulan yang (re-) dibuat. Russell (1997:522) menunjukkan bahwa sistem kegiatan adalah kedua sementara stabil dan berkembang, bahwa genre yang muncul pada setiap saat dalam waktu yang hanya stabil-untuk-sekarang. Dengan demikian "genre memprediksi – tetapi tidak menentukan [teks] struktur."Guru kami sangat akrab dengan kelas. Namun, sistem yang berbeda yang beroperasi di situs melek huruf lainnya. Windsor (2000:164), mempelajari firma, menemukan kompleks, tumpang tindih sistem dan proses penulisan hirarkis selama pekerjaan para teknisi "menghilang ke dalam karya para insinyur." Ia menyimpulkan bahwa "berada di posisi yang kuat dapat memungkinkan seseorang untuk menggunakan pengetahuan orang lain telah menghasilkan, tetapi mampu menggunakan pengetahuan itu adalah salah satu hal yang menghasilkan posisi kuat." Dalam penelitiannya, sistem berinteraksi dan penulisan teknisi dimakamkan sebagai insinyur menghasilkan genre dihargai. Mathieson (2004), mempelajari teknik dalam suasana akademik, menemukan bahwa "teks" pusat artikel di jurnal dan hibah, tidak mengherankan, visual dan numerik, sehingga mempengaruhi sistem aktivitas tertentu itu. Apa yang bisa kita katakan, kemudian, guru, dan siswa mereka, yang sedang mencari jawaban, yang akan peneliti untuk menginformasikan mereka tentang apa yang para ahli dalam disiplin ilmu mereka ketahui dan bagaimana untuk membaca dan menulis berhasil dalam sejumlah konteks? Bagaimana kita bisa membuat sifat kompleks penulis tujuan, aktivitas sistem, dan genre "stabil untuk sekarang" dapat diakses oleh siswa? Jika kita bahkan memahami sistem kegiatan di mana siswa kami akan bekerja, kita bisa meniru mereka, dan genre mereka, untuk kelas? Freedman dan Bluewater (1994:11), Rhetoricians baru Amerika Utara (Lihat Johns 2002, untuk diskusi mereka teori dan riset.) mengklaim bahwa kita tidak dapat mengimpor pengalaman otentik keaksaraan siswa ke kelas EAP kami. Namun, Coe, Numidia baru lain, mengklaim bahwa penggunaan istilah "genre" membuka pintu untuk mahasiswa penemuan. COE (1994:159) klaim bahwa "Genre melambangkan pentingnya mendekati membaca dan menulis sebagai proses sosial di mana individu berpartisipasi tanpa harus sepenuhnya sadar tentang apa proses sosial." Dia melanjutkan dengan mengatakan bahwa kita perlu meningkatkan kesadaran mahasiswa dari sifat sosial yang kompleks dan teks dalam pengaturan akademik dan profesional.Selama bertahun-tahun, saya telah bekerja pada kesadaran ini meningkatkan dalam saya sendiri pertama tahun universitas kelas (Johns 1997). Sekarang, saya mencoba untuk menulis sebuah Universitas tahun pertama buku dimaksudkan untuk menjadi cocok untuk topik penelitian saya bahas di sini dan dapat diakses untuk sibuk guru dan siswa (Johns dalam proses). Tak perlu dikatakan, itu bukanlah pekerjaan mudah; tetapi orang lain telah sudah memasuki bidang ini (penghias 2001; Devitt, Reigg, dan Bawarshi 2004) dan penting untuk pekerjaan kita pedagogis untuk mencerminkan penelitian dan teori. 3.4. multi-modal lingkunganSejauh ini, saya tidak disebutkan sistem kegiatan yang penting bagi sebagian besar kehidupan siswa kami, ditemukan di Internet, iPod, dan teknologi lainnya. Banyak siswa kami (lebih istimewa) telah tumbuh dengan teknologi; mereka menggunakan Internet, ponsel, palm pilot dan alat-alat lain sering dan untuk berbagai tujuan. Ketergantungan pada teknologi ini menandai keberangkatan benar-benar penting dari ketergantungan pada teks-teks cetak. Dalam diskusi terbaru dari pengaruh komputer atas tulisan, misalnya, Chartier (1995:15) mengatakan:.. .suatu substitusi layar untuk codex adalah suatu transformasi radikal jauh lebih daripada yang dibawa oleh Gutenberg penemuan cetak; mengubah metode organisasi, struktur, konsultasi, dan bahkan tampilan kata-kata tertulis.Kita lihat bukti untuk argumen Chartier di setiap hari. Dengan menghasilkan teks-teks dalam lingkungan ini (misalnya, web-log/blog), siswa dapat membawa kehidupan pribadi mereka kepada dunia. Mereka dapat menulis tegas dalam teks-teks singkat, terfragmentasi dan ungrammatical dan segera dibaca oleh sering menghargai penonton. Mereka dapat membuat link, menggunakan gerakan, dan menyampaikan informasi visual dengan mudah teknis. Namun, teknologi ini tidak mendorong diperpanjang, bijaksana, kritis dan baik dikatakan teks. Dan itu adalah masalah bagi EAP kelas menulis. Dalam publikasi tengara mereka, mengatasi dan Kalantzis (2000:7) berbicara enam "desain elemen" dalam siswa kami saat ini berarti membuat proses:Linguistik makna (sekarang, tentu saja, rumit oleh implikasi dari corpus linguistik)Makna audio (kebisingan pusat kehidupan siswa kami)Makna visual (dalam berbagai media, termasuk Internet)Makna gestural (termasuk "gerakan" dalam teks-teks)Arti khusus (sekali lagi, Internet menyediakan kemungkinan signifikan)Pola Multimodal berarti bahwa berhubungan pertama lima mode satu sama lain.Bagaimana kita membawa makna ini ke dalam kelas EAP? Bagaimana dapat membantu siswa dalam menganalisis dan mengkritisi pengalaman tekstual mereka bervariasi? Berikut adalah kesempatan besar untuk menarik dari apa yang mereka ketahui untuk memimpin mereka ke informasi kompetensi dan visual keaksaraan kegiatan seperti mengkritisi website.Juga penting untuk pengajaran kita bisa menjadi alat-alat teknologi, banyak sumber yang tersedia untuk siswa di Internet untuk tulisan mereka, khususnya. Kebetulan aku bekerja dengan Houghton Mifflin pada textbook (Johns dalam proses), jadi saya paling akrab dengan alat mereka, menulis ruang, yang tidak diragukan lagi menyerupai alat keaksaraan lainnya dari jenis ini. Menulis ruang tertanam dalam sistem pengelolaan kelas papan tulis, menyediakan modul untuk proses menulis, latihan interaktif, on-line handbook, real-time bimbingan dan umpan balik. Editor saya memberitahu saya bahwa mereka akan mampu menyesuaikan ruang menulis komponen untuk berinteraksi dengan buku saya, untuk menggunakan Internet untuk berbagai pendekatan untuk memahami kompleksitas genre dan konteks.Dengan demikian teknologi baru menawarkan tantangan terhadap EAP seperti siswa menggunakannya untuk chatting cepat dan penelitian. Mereka juga memberi kita kemungkinan untuk out-of-kelas keaksaraan bantuan. Kita perlu membuat penuh penggunaan potensi mereka di kelas keaksaraan akademik kami seperti yang kita menarik dari kepentingan dan pengetahuan siswa.3.5. penulis dalam teks: Suara, persona, sikap, dan evaluasiDi tengah-tengah ini berbicara tentang konteks, genre, dan teknologi, penulis masih harus masih dipertimbangkan dalam penelitian. Silva dan Brice (2004) menemukan konsep penulis suara menjadi masalah muncul dalam penelitian bahasa L2. -Chat dan blog disuarakan, ekspresif, pribadi, dan sering mengarahkan, dan siswa kami cinta ini
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How about the valued genres that discourse communities that “possess in the communicative furtherance of their goals”? (Swales 1990: 26) Again, we run into instability and evolution of texts augmented by the situated nature of literacies. Berkenkotter and Huckin (1995), borrowing from Bakhtin (1981), note the centripetal forces that contribute to the prototypicality of genres across situations but the centrifugal forces that require that a genre be revised for a specific rhetorical situation.

3.3. Situated texts and their domains (activity systems)
Therefore, though valued genres and discourse communities may, in fact, be highly salient to disciplinary faculty, it is the specific situation in which a genre appears that determines how it will be successfully written and interpreted. In a new volume on the rhetoric of everyday life, Nystrand and Duffy (2003: vii) discuss the importance of this situated ness:

...the leading edge of research on writing, reading, and literacy these days is defined by its intersection with sociocultural, historical, political, disciplinary, instrumental and everyday context –each situated and domain-specific

In each situation, writers draw from community genre knowledge and domain and revise texts to serve their own purposes within a rhetorical site. To give a personal example: though I wrote many acceptance and rejection letters (each of which was somewhat different) in my years as co-editor of the journal, English for Specific Purposes, my more recent letters in the same genre written as guest editor of a special issue of Across the Disciplines are varied to meet the requirements of that journal and the particular context and audience with which I am working. What can I borrow from my accumulated genre knowledge? Certain forms of politeness and format and not much else.
Each rhetorical situation is highly complex, of course, for it embodies the values and genres of the discourse community and their interactions, writer purposes, the physical attributes of the context, and other factors. How can we theorize a literacy site, then? Russell (1997), drawing from theories developed by Cole and Engeström (1993), posits that activity theory may provide explanatory adequacy. The key term in activity theory is “system.” There is an activity system (such as a laboratory) in which a variety of texts appear, are developed, and interact. Participants “use certain genres but not others at certain times but not others” so there is also a genre system within the context. And, of course, there is a group of people with different roles (also a system) who are involved in meaningful and productive activities in the site. Russell (1997: 520) uses the activity system of the classroom to show how participants interact through texts:
The teacher writes the assignments; the students write responses in classroom genres. The administrators write the grade for; the teacher fills it out. The parents or government officials write the checks; the administrators write the receipts and send out the transcripts. It is through this microstructural circulation of texts and other tools in genres, these regularized shared expectations for tool use within and among systems of purposeful interaction that macro social structure is (re-)created. At the same time in the same fundamental way, the identities of individuals and groups and subgroups are (re-) created.
Russell (1997: 522) points out that an activity system is both temporarily stabilized and evolving, that the genres that appear at any moment in time are only stabilized-for-now. Thus “genres predict – but do not determine [the text] structure.”

We teachers are very familiar with the classroom. However, different systems operate in other literacy sites. Windsor (2000: 164), studying an engineering firm, discovered complex, overlapping systems and a hierarchical writing process during which the technicians’ work “disappeared into the work of the engineers.” She concludes that “being in a powerful position may allow one to use the knowledge someone else has generated, but being able to use that knowledge is one of the things that generates the powerful position.” In her research, the systems interact and the writing of technicians is buried as engineers produce the valued genres.
Mathieson (2004), studying engineering in an academic setting, found that the “texts” central to journal articles and grants are, not surprisingly, visual and numerical, thus influencing that particular activity system.
What can we say, then, to the teachers, and their students, who are looking for answers, who want researchers to inform them about what the experts in their disciplines know and how to read and write successfully in a number of contexts? How can we make the complex nature of writer purpose, activity system, and “stabilized for now” genres accessible to students? If we even understood the activity systems in which our students will be working, could we replicate them, and their genres, for the classroom? Freedman and Medway (1994: 11), North American New Rhetoricians (see Johns 2002, for a discussion of their theories and research.) claim that we cannot import students’ authentic literacy experiences into our EAP classrooms. However, Coe, another New Rhetorician, claims that an appropriate use of the term “genre” opens the door to student discovery. Coe (1994: 159) claims that “Genre epitomizes the significance of approaching reading and writing as social processes in which individuals participate without necessarily being entirely conscious of what the social processes are.” He continues by arguing that we need to raise students’ consciousness of the complex and social nature of texts within academic and professional settings.
For years, I have been working on this consciousness raising in my own first year university classroom (Johns 1997). Now, I am attempting to write a first year university textbook intended to be both appropriate to the research topics I have discussed here and accessible to busy teachers and students (Johns in process). Needless to say, it is not an easy job; but others have already entered this field (Trimmer 2001; Devitt, Reigg, and Bawarshi 2004) and it is important for our pedagogical work to reflect research and theory.
3.4. Multi-modal environments
So far, I have not mentioned the activity systems that are central to most of our students’ lives, found on the Internet, ipods, and in other technologies. Many of our (more privileged) students have grown up with technology; they use the Internet, the cell phone, the palm pilot and other tools frequently and for a variety of purposes. This dependence upon technology marks a truly significant departure from reliance upon print texts. In a recent discussion of the influences of computers upon writing, for example, Chartier (1995: 15) says:

...the substitution of the screen for codex is a far more radical transformation than that brought on by Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press; it changes the methods of organization, structure, consultation, and even the appearance of the written word.
We see evidence for Chartier’s argument every day. By producing texts in these environments (e.g., web-logs/blogs), students can bring their personal lives to the world. They can write expressively in short, fragmented, and ungrammatical texts and be read immediately by often appreciative audiences. They can make links, use gestures, and impart visual information with technical ease. However, these technologies do not encourage extended, thoughtful, critical and well-argued texts. And that’s a problem for EAP writing classes. In their landmark publication, Cope and Kalantzis (2000: 7) speak of six “design elements” in our current students’ meaning making processes:
Linguistic meaning (now, of course, complicated by the implications of corpus linguistics)
Audio meaning (noise is central to our students’ lives)
Visual meaning (in various media, including the Internet)
Gestural meaning (including “gestures” in texts)
Special meaning (again, the Internet provides significant possibilities)
The Multimodal patterns of meaning that relate the first five modes to each other.

How do we bring these meanings into the EAP classroom? How can assist students in analyzing and critiquing their varied textual experiences? Here is a great opportunity to draw from what they know to lead them into information competence and visual literacy activities such as critiquing websites.
Also important to our teaching can be the technological tools, the many sources available to students on the Internet for their writing, in particular. I happen to be working with Houghton Mifflin on my textbook (Johns in process), so I am most familiar with their tool, Write Space, which undoubtedly resembles other literacy tools of this type. Write Space is embedded within the Blackboard Classroom management system, providing modules for process writing, interactive exercises, an on-line handbook, real time tutoring and feedback. My editors tell me that they will be able to tailor a Write Space component to interact with my textbook, to use the Internet for a variety of approaches to understanding the complexity of genre and context.
Thus the new technologies offer challenges to EAP as students use it for quick chat and research. They also give us possibilities for out-of-class literacy assistance. We need to make full use of their potential in our academic literacy classrooms as we draw from students’ interests and knowledge.


3.5. The writer in the text: voice, persona, stance, and evaluation
Amidst this talk about context, genres, and technology, the writer still must still be considered in research. Silva and Brice (2004) find the concept of writer’s voice to be an emerging issue in L2 language research. I-chat and BLOGS are voiced, expressive, personal, and often direct, and our students love this
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