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effects, along with our other control variables. In Model 4 we add industry fixed effects. The results from Models 3 and 4 confirm our findings from Model 2. More specifically, the control variables conform to expectations(including positive and significant shareholder rights coefficients) and the creditor rights coefficients arepositive and highly significant.Overall, the dividend amount results in Table 3are consistent with the propensity to pay results in Table 2.Both sets of results support the substitute hypothesis.Although we find evidence for the outcome hypothesiswith respect to the agency costs of equity (La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer, and Vishny, 2000), we find stronger evidence for the substitute hypothesis with respect to the agency costs of debt.
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