Enhancing CommunicationOlder Adult

Enhancing Communication
Older Adult Assertiveness
Several communication accommodation models address how interlocutors can individualize their talk to older adults, thereby avoiding the pitfalls of patronizing communication (Barker et al., 2004; Hummert et al, 2004; Ryan, Meredith, MacLean, & Orange, 1995). To highlight options for people with disabilities to interrupt the negative feedback loop of the communication predicament, Ryan et al. (2005) developed a model featuring selective assertiveness as the term for choosing one’s battles and responding (vs. reacting) in a clear, calm, confident manner. Older adults’ responses to patronizing advice (Hummert & Mazloff, 2001) reflected several potentially assertive options (direct, appreciative, and ignoring), with a clear indication that these are more likely in a community context than in a hospital context. Within problematic clinical encounters in the community, young and old evaluators agreed that assertive seniors were most competent and likely to be satisfied in a future encounter (Ryan, Anas, & Friedman, 2006). Within the nursing home, Ryan et al. (2000) found less support for assertiveness (not part of the nursing home resident role) in declining to participate in an activity. Indirect assertiveness (declining with humor) was more successful. Finally, a study of assertive versus passive responses in problematic service encounters by visually impaired older women needing help demonstrated higher evaluations of competence and future success for assertiveness and provided further evidence for the importance of contexts (Ryan, Anas, & Mays, 2008). The assertiveness advantage was greater in the community than in the hospital setting and for the more serious situations. This theoretical perspective and these findings suggest specific ways in which older adults might be encouraged to respond more effectively by carefully choosing features of assertiveness to match the demands of problematic situations.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Meningkatkan komunikasiKetegasan dewasa yang lebih tuaSeveral communication accommodation models address how interlocutors can individualize their talk to older adults, thereby avoiding the pitfalls of patronizing communication (Barker et al., 2004; Hummert et al, 2004; Ryan, Meredith, MacLean, & Orange, 1995). To highlight options for people with disabilities to interrupt the negative feedback loop of the communication predicament, Ryan et al. (2005) developed a model featuring selective assertiveness as the term for choosing one’s battles and responding (vs. reacting) in a clear, calm, confident manner. Older adults’ responses to patronizing advice (Hummert & Mazloff, 2001) reflected several potentially assertive options (direct, appreciative, and ignoring), with a clear indication that these are more likely in a community context than in a hospital context. Within problematic clinical encounters in the community, young and old evaluators agreed that assertive seniors were most competent and likely to be satisfied in a future encounter (Ryan, Anas, & Friedman, 2006). Within the nursing home, Ryan et al. (2000) found less support for assertiveness (not part of the nursing home resident role) in declining to participate in an activity. Indirect assertiveness (declining with humor) was more successful. Finally, a study of assertive versus passive responses in problematic service encounters by visually impaired older women needing help demonstrated higher evaluations of competence and future success for assertiveness and provided further evidence for the importance of contexts (Ryan, Anas, & Mays, 2008). The assertiveness advantage was greater in the community than in the hospital setting and for the more serious situations. This theoretical perspective and these findings suggest specific ways in which older adults might be encouraged to respond more effectively by carefully choosing features of assertiveness to match the demands of problematic situations.