1. IntroductionAmong Berberidaceae,

1. Introduction
Among Berberidaceae, Berberis is represented in Chile and Argentina by 20 species [1].
One representative species of the Patagonia region of both countries is Berberis microphylla G. Forst,
also known as Berberis buxifolia and Berberis heterophylla, which grows wild in the under-forest, steppe,
and forest–steppe ecotones [2]. This species is a perennial shrub with spiny, yellow flowers and
black-bluish fruits [3]. The leaves, stems, roots and fruits of this species have been used since ancient
times in traditional medicine for treating fever, inflammation, stomachache, diarrhea, urinary tract
infection, throat infection, gingivitis, and liver problems [4]. Moreover, the fruit of the plant has been
used by the Kawésqar people as food, whereas the Aonikenk used the yellow scraping of the bark as
tobacco for its hallucinogenic effect, which is probably caused by the presence of berberine [5].
In previous studies, we have reported that Berberis microphylla is a rich source of several types of
isoquinoline alkaloids. Leaves, stems and roots contain different alkaloids and different proportions
of the shared alkaloids. The root has the highest alkaloid yield, and it contains a complex mixture
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of the following alkaloids: berberine, allocryptopine, calafatine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, protopine,
reticuline and thalifendine. Stems also contain a complex mixture of the following alkaloids: berberine,
allocryptopine, isocorydine, jatrorrhizine, protopine, scoulerine and thalifendine. However, the leaf
alkaloid extract contains only berberine and tetrahydroberberine [6] (Figure 1).
Molecules 2016, 21, 76 2 of 10
reticuline and thalifendine. Stems also contain a complex mixture of the following alkaloids: berberine,
allocryptopine, isocorydine, jatrorrhizine, protopine, scoulerine and thalifendine. However, the leaf
alkaloid extract contains only berberine and tetrahydroberberine [6] (Figure 1).

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

1. Pendahuluan
Di antara berberidaceae, Berberis diwakili di Chili dan Argentina dengan 20 spesies [1].
Salah satu spesies wakil dari wilayah Patagonia kedua negara adalah Berberis microphylla G. Forst,
juga dikenal sebagai Berberis buxifolia dan Berberis heterophylla, yang tumbuh liar di di bawah-hutan, padang rumput,
ecotones dan hutan-stepa [2]. Spesies ini adalah semak abadi dengan berduri, bunga kuning dan
buah-buahan berwarna hitam-kebiruan [3]. Daun, batang, akar dan buah-buahan dari spesies ini telah digunakan sejak kuno
kali dalam obat tradisional untuk demam mengobati, peradangan, sakit perut, diare, saluran kemih
infeksi, infeksi tenggorokan, radang gusi, dan masalah hati [4]. Selain itu, buah dari tanaman telah
digunakan oleh orang-orang Kawésqar sebagai makanan, sedangkan Aonikenk menggunakan gesekan kuning kulit sebagai
tembakau untuk efek halusinogen, yang mungkin disebabkan oleh adanya berberin [5].
Dalam studi sebelumnya , kami telah melaporkan bahwa Berberis microphylla adalah sumber yang kaya beberapa jenis
alkaloid isoquinoline. Daun, batang dan akar mengandung alkaloid yang berbeda dan proporsi yang berbeda
dari alkaloid bersama. Akar memiliki hasil alkaloid tertinggi, dan berisi campuran kompleks
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dari alkaloid berikut: berberin, allocryptopine, calafatine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, protopine,
retikulin dan thalifendine. Batang juga mengandung campuran kompleks dari alkaloid berikut: berberin,
allocryptopine, isocorydine, jatrorrhizine, protopine, scoulerine dan thalifendine. Namun, daun
ekstrak alkaloid hanya berberin dan tetrahydroberberine [6] (Gambar 1).
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retikulin dan thalifendine. Batang juga mengandung campuran kompleks dari alkaloid berikut: berberin,
allocryptopine, isocorydine, jatrorrhizine, protopine, scoulerine dan thalifendine. Namun, daun
ekstrak alkaloid hanya berberin dan tetrahydroberberine [6] (Gambar 1).