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5.3.1. Four-Stroke CycleThe four-stroke cycle engine, commonly called 4 cycle engine, is one of the twocommon types of engine cycles used for both spark and compression ignitionengines. In 4 cycle engines, the eight events occur during four strokes of the pistonor two revolutions of the crankshaft. The four strokes are called:1. Intake2. Compression3. Power4. ExhaustStudy Figure 5.2 and the following description of the events. During the intakestroke, the intake valve opens, and the piston travels from the top of the cylinder(TDC) to the bottom (BDC). In both the spark and the compression ignition engines,during the intake stroke, the movement of the piston reduces the pressureinside the cylinder. Higher atmospheric pressure outside the engine causes air toflow through the intake system and into the cylinder as the intake valve opens.In the carbureted engines fuel is introduced into the air stream as it flows throughthe carburetor. Shortly after the piston reaches the bottom of the intake stroke,the intake valve closes, thus trapping the air–fuel mixture inside the cylinder. Anyrestrictions in the flow of air into the engine reduces its volumetric efficiency.Volumetric efficiency is the comparison of how much air flows into the cylindercompared to the amount of air the cylinder can hold when it is totally full atatmospheric pressure. Reduction in volumetric efficiency reduces the horsepowerproduced by the engine. One common cause is a dirty air filter.The compression stroke follows. Because the air–fuel mixture is trapped in thecylinder, as the piston returns to the top of the cylinder during this stroke, theair is compressed, and as it is compressed, the temperature rises. As the pistonnears the top of the compression stroke, ignition occurs. Pressure is the key forconverting the energy of the fuel to power. If any of the combustion pressureescapes from the combustion chamber, less power will be produced. On engineswith a lot of hours and/or poor maintenance, the rings become less capable of
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