Of course, if governments demand test data, teachers and researchers m terjemahan - Of course, if governments demand test data, teachers and researchers m Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Of course, if governments demand te

Of course, if governments demand test data, teachers and researchers must choose either civil disobedience or an attempt to make the best of a bad job. In England and Wales, both strategies have been tried, and currently teachers are required to administer classroom tests whose aim is to place every student in the aged seven, eleven or fourteen group at one of eight
‘levels’ of reading ability. The following is a sample level description:

In reading and discussing a range of texts, pupils identify different layers of meaning and comment on their significance and effect. They give personal responses to literary texts, referring to aspects of language, structure and themes in justifying their views. They summarise a range of information from different sources.

What is it to be able to accomplish what is described here? Many teachers would argue that an average 11-year-old can do all these things, given appropriate texts and contexts, and yet this is a description of the National Curriculum Attainment Target at Level 6, which is deemed to be more challenging than the level of reading attainment achieved by most 14-year- olds. In any event, most assessment specialists would argue that it is difficult or impossible to judge reliably whether or not a student has or has not achieved what is described here, since the Level 6 description contains (depending on how you analyse the paragraph) between ten and twelve implied tasks which are to be carried out on unspecified material and achieved at unspecified levels. As a basis for gaining reliable information about national attainment levels in reading, such a broad global statement is impractical.

However, in considering our first imperative, which is to look for local system solutions if global system solutions are difficult or impossible to achieve, there are a number of ways forward. If the level description is interpreted as a focus for curriculum activity at a local level, rather than as a national benchmark which has or has not been achieved, there are many useful approaches open to the teacher. First, if the emphasis is switched to the classroom, and to curriculum-focused assessment practices, this statement could supply a guide to a whole reading programme. If, instead of attempting to reduce the whole of a student’s reading achievement to a single level, and an attempt is made to avoid oversimplification, assessment can begin to serve two essential purposes which national assessment programmes usually ignore—the assessment evidence can be of value to the teacher, and it can be of direct value to the student.

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Of course, if governments demand test data, teachers and researchers must choose either civil disobedience or an attempt to make the best of a bad job. In England and Wales, both strategies have been tried, and currently teachers are required to administer classroom tests whose aim is to place every student in the aged seven, eleven or fourteen group at one of eight‘levels’ of reading ability. The following is a sample level description:In reading and discussing a range of texts, pupils identify different layers of meaning and comment on their significance and effect. They give personal responses to literary texts, referring to aspects of language, structure and themes in justifying their views. They summarise a range of information from different sources.What is it to be able to accomplish what is described here? Many teachers would argue that an average 11-year-old can do all these things, given appropriate texts and contexts, and yet this is a description of the National Curriculum Attainment Target at Level 6, which is deemed to be more challenging than the level of reading attainment achieved by most 14-year- olds. In any event, most assessment specialists would argue that it is difficult or impossible to judge reliably whether or not a student has or has not achieved what is described here, since the Level 6 description contains (depending on how you analyse the paragraph) between ten and twelve implied tasks which are to be carried out on unspecified material and achieved at unspecified levels. As a basis for gaining reliable information about national attainment levels in reading, such a broad global statement is impractical.
However, in considering our first imperative, which is to look for local system solutions if global system solutions are difficult or impossible to achieve, there are a number of ways forward. If the level description is interpreted as a focus for curriculum activity at a local level, rather than as a national benchmark which has or has not been achieved, there are many useful approaches open to the teacher. First, if the emphasis is switched to the classroom, and to curriculum-focused assessment practices, this statement could supply a guide to a whole reading programme. If, instead of attempting to reduce the whole of a student’s reading achievement to a single level, and an attempt is made to avoid oversimplification, assessment can begin to serve two essential purposes which national assessment programmes usually ignore—the assessment evidence can be of value to the teacher, and it can be of direct value to the student.

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Tentu saja, jika pemerintah menuntut data uji, guru dan peneliti harus memilih salah pembangkangan sipil atau upaya untuk membuat yang terbaik dari pekerjaan yang buruk. Di Inggris dan Wales, kedua strategi telah dicoba, dan saat ini guru dituntut untuk melakukan tes kelas yang bertujuan untuk menempatkan setiap siswa di usia tujuh, sebelas atau empat belas kelompok di salah satu dari delapan
'tingkat' kemampuan membaca. Berikut ini adalah penjelasan tingkat sampel:

Dalam membaca dan membahas berbagai teks, siswa mengidentifikasi berbagai lapisan makna dan mengomentari pentingnya dan efeknya. Mereka memberikan tanggapan pribadi untuk teks-teks sastra, mengacu pada aspek bahasa, struktur dan tema dalam membenarkan pandangan mereka. Mereka meringkas berbagai informasi dari berbagai sumber.

Apa itu untuk dapat mencapai apa yang dijelaskan di sini? Banyak guru berpendapat bahwa rata-rata berusia 11 tahun dapat melakukan semua hal ini, mengingat teks dan konteks yang tepat, namun ini adalah deskripsi dari Target Kurikulum Pencapaian Nasional di Level 6, yang dianggap lebih menantang daripada tingkat membaca pencapaian yang dicapai oleh sebagian besar berusia 14-tahun-. Dalam hal apapun, sebagian besar spesialis penilaian akan berpendapat bahwa sulit atau tidak mungkin untuk menilai andal atau tidaknya seorang siswa telah atau belum mencapai apa yang dijelaskan di sini, karena Level 6 deskripsi mengandung (tergantung pada bagaimana Anda menganalisis paragraf) antara sepuluh dan dua belas tersirat tugas yang harus dilakukan pada bahan yang tidak ditentukan dan dicapai pada tingkat yang tidak ditentukan. Sebagai dasar untuk mendapatkan informasi yang dapat dipercaya tentang tingkat pencapaian nasional dalam membaca, seperti pernyataan global yang luas tidak praktis.

Namun, dalam mempertimbangkan penting pertama kami, yang adalah untuk mencari solusi sistem lokal jika solusi sistem global yang sulit atau tidak mungkin untuk mencapai, ada adalah sejumlah cara ke depan. Jika penjelasan tingkat ditafsirkan sebagai fokus untuk kegiatan kurikulum di tingkat lokal, bukan sebagai patokan nasional yang memiliki atau belum tercapai, ada banyak pendekatan yang berguna terbuka untuk guru. Pertama, jika penekanannya beralih ke kelas, dan praktek penilaian kurikulum yang berfokus, pernyataan ini bisa memasok panduan untuk program membaca seluruh. Jika, bukannya berusaha untuk mengurangi seluruh prestasi membaca siswa ke tingkat yang tunggal, dan dilakukan usaha untuk menghindari terlalu menyederhanakan, penilaian dapat mulai untuk melayani dua tujuan penting program penilaian nasional yang biasanya mengabaikan-bukti penilaian dapat nilai guru, dan dapat menjadi nilai langsung kepada siswa.

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