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In 1970s, countries with high infla

In 1970s, countries with high inflation especially the Latin American countries begun to experience a decrease in growth rates and thus caused the emergence of the views stating that inflation has negative effects on the economic growth instead of the positive effects. Evidence showing relationship between inflation and economic growth from some of the Asian countries such as India showed that the growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India increased from 3.5% in the 1970s to 5.5% in the 1980s while the inflation rate accelerated steadily from an annual average of 1.7% during the 1950s to 6.4% in the 1960s and further to 9.0% in the 1970s before easing marginally to 8.0% in the 1980s (Prasanna and Gopakumar, 2010). Likely, for the case of China, Xiao (2009) revealed that from 1961 to 1977, China’s real GDP growth and real GDP per capita growth averaged at 4.84% and 2.68% respectively. Since 1978, China’s economy grew steadily although growth rate fluctuated among the years. From 1978 to 2007, the growth rate of China’s real GDP and real GDP per capita were recorded at 9.992% and 8.69% respectively. The experiences from East African countries, for example showed that Kenya had 5 years of very positive economic development with four consecutive years of growth above 4%. But average annual inflation of Kenya increased from 18.5% in June 2008 to 27.2% in March 2009, before falling marginally to 24.3% in July 2009. Uganda was one of the faster growing economies in Africa with sustained growth averaging 7.8 % since 2000 with the annual inflation rate decreasing from5.1% in 2006 to 3.5% in 2009. The average annual real GDP growth rate for Rwanda from 1990-1999 was -0.1 but from 2006 to 2009, Rwanda had an annual average growth rate of 7.3% (Stein, 2010). Since late 1970s, Tanzanian economy experienced many internal and external shocks. All sectors of the economy were affected by shocks, whose manifestations were, among others, large budget deficits and an imbalance between productive and non-productive activities. The signs closely associated with these were high rates of inflation, large balance of payments (BOP) deficits, declining domestic savings, growing government expenditure, falling agricultural
produce and decreased utilization of industrial capacity which in turn hindered economic growth (Kilindo, 1997). With regard to Tanzanian economy, Ndyeshobola (1983) indicated that between 1964 and 1969 there was very low inflation (0.3% and 3.2%) on the average for the National Consumer Price Index (NCPI) and National Food Price Index (NFPI) respectively. After 1972, the NCPI rose by an average of 16% until 1975, (with peaks of 19% in 1974 and 25.9% in 1975). The NCPI in 1974 and 1975 seems to have been caused by the severe food problems prevailing during the second half of 1973. The NFPI reached as high as 35.0% in 1974 and 30.6% in 1975. Tanzania’s economic growth has shown an erratic trend as it recorded an average GDP growth rate of about 3% between 1991 and 2000, the GDP growth rate in 1992 was only 0.584%, while the rates in 1996 and 2000 were 4.6% and 5.1% respectively (Odhiambo, 2011).
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In 1970s, countries with high inflation especially the Latin American countries begun to experience a decrease in growth rates and thus caused the emergence of the views stating that inflation has negative effects on the economic growth instead of the positive effects. Evidence showing relationship between inflation and economic growth from some of the Asian countries such as India showed that the growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India increased from 3.5% in the 1970s to 5.5% in the 1980s while the inflation rate accelerated steadily from an annual average of 1.7% during the 1950s to 6.4% in the 1960s and further to 9.0% in the 1970s before easing marginally to 8.0% in the 1980s (Prasanna and Gopakumar, 2010). Likely, for the case of China, Xiao (2009) revealed that from 1961 to 1977, China’s real GDP growth and real GDP per capita growth averaged at 4.84% and 2.68% respectively. Since 1978, China’s economy grew steadily although growth rate fluctuated among the years. From 1978 to 2007, the growth rate of China’s real GDP and real GDP per capita were recorded at 9.992% and 8.69% respectively. The experiences from East African countries, for example showed that Kenya had 5 years of very positive economic development with four consecutive years of growth above 4%. But average annual inflation of Kenya increased from 18.5% in June 2008 to 27.2% in March 2009, before falling marginally to 24.3% in July 2009. Uganda was one of the faster growing economies in Africa with sustained growth averaging 7.8 % since 2000 with the annual inflation rate decreasing from5.1% in 2006 to 3.5% in 2009. The average annual real GDP growth rate for Rwanda from 1990-1999 was -0.1 but from 2006 to 2009, Rwanda had an annual average growth rate of 7.3% (Stein, 2010). Since late 1970s, Tanzanian economy experienced many internal and external shocks. All sectors of the economy were affected by shocks, whose manifestations were, among others, large budget deficits and an imbalance between productive and non-productive activities. The signs closely associated with these were high rates of inflation, large balance of payments (BOP) deficits, declining domestic savings, growing government expenditure, falling agriculturalproduce and decreased utilization of industrial capacity which in turn hindered economic growth (Kilindo, 1997). With regard to Tanzanian economy, Ndyeshobola (1983) indicated that between 1964 and 1969 there was very low inflation (0.3% and 3.2%) on the average for the National Consumer Price Index (NCPI) and National Food Price Index (NFPI) respectively. After 1972, the NCPI rose by an average of 16% until 1975, (with peaks of 19% in 1974 and 25.9% in 1975). The NCPI in 1974 and 1975 seems to have been caused by the severe food problems prevailing during the second half of 1973. The NFPI reached as high as 35.0% in 1974 and 30.6% in 1975. Tanzania’s economic growth has shown an erratic trend as it recorded an average GDP growth rate of about 3% between 1991 and 2000, the GDP growth rate in 1992 was only 0.584%, while the rates in 1996 and 2000 were 4.6% and 5.1% respectively (Odhiambo, 2011).
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Di tahun 1970-an, negara-negara dengan inflasi yang tinggi terutama negara-negara Amerika Latin mulai mengalami penurunan tingkat pertumbuhan dan dengan demikian menyebabkan munculnya pandangan yang menyatakan bahwa inflasi memiliki dampak negatif pada pertumbuhan ekonomi bukan efek positif. Bukti yang menunjukkan hubungan antara inflasi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi dari beberapa negara Asia seperti India menunjukkan bahwa laju pertumbuhan Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) di India meningkat dari 3,5% pada tahun 1970 menjadi 5,5% pada 1980-an sementara tingkat inflasi dipercepat terus dari rata-rata tahunan 1,7% selama tahun 1950 menjadi 6,4% pada tahun 1960 dan selanjutnya menjadi 9,0% di tahun 1970 sebelum berkurang sedikit menjadi 8,0% pada tahun 1980 (Prasanna dan Gopakumar, 2010). Kemungkinan, untuk kasus China, Xiao (2009) mengungkapkan bahwa 1961-1977, pertumbuhan PDB riil China dan pertumbuhan PDB riil per kapita rata-rata di 4,84% dan 2,68% masing-masing. Sejak tahun 1978, perekonomian China tumbuh terus meskipun laju pertumbuhan berfluktuasi antara tahun. Dari tahun 1978 sampai 2007, tingkat pertumbuhan PDB riil China dan GDP riil per kapita tercatat 9,992% dan 8,69% masing-masing. Pengalaman dari negara-negara Afrika Timur, misalnya menunjukkan bahwa Kenya memiliki 5 tahun pembangunan ekonomi yang sangat positif dengan empat tahun berturut-turut pertumbuhan di atas 4%. Tapi inflasi tahunan rata-rata Kenya meningkat dari 18,5% pada Juni 2008 menjadi 27,2% pada Maret 2009 sebelum jatuh sedikit ke 24,3% pada Juli 2009. Uganda adalah salah satu negara dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang lebih cepat di Afrika dengan rata-rata pertumbuhan yang berkelanjutan 7,8% sejak tahun 2000 dengan Tingkat inflasi tahunan menurun from5.1% pada tahun 2006 menjadi 3,5% pada tahun 2009. Tingkat pertumbuhan rata-rata tahunan PDB riil untuk Rwanda 1990-1999 adalah -0.1 tetapi dari tahun 2006 hingga 2009 Rwanda memiliki tingkat pertumbuhan rata-rata tahunan sebesar 7,3% (Stein 2010). Sejak 1970-an, ekonomi Tanzania mengalami banyak guncangan internal dan eksternal. Semua sektor ekonomi dipengaruhi oleh guncangan, yang manifestasi yang, antara lain, defisit anggaran yang besar dan ketidakseimbangan antara kegiatan produktif dan non-produktif. Tanda-tanda terkait erat dengan ini adalah tingginya tingkat inflasi, neraca pembayaran yang besar (BOP) defisit, penurunan tabungan domestik, pengeluaran pemerintah tumbuh, jatuh pertanian
produksi dan penurunan pemanfaatan kapasitas industri yang pada gilirannya menghambat pertumbuhan ekonomi (Kilindo, 1997). Berkenaan dengan ekonomi Tanzania, Ndyeshobola (1983) menunjukkan bahwa antara tahun 1964 dan 1969 ada inflasi yang sangat rendah (0,3% dan 3,2%) pada rata-rata untuk Indeks Harga Konsumen Nasional (NCPI) dan Indeks Harga Pangan Nasional (NFPI) masing-masing. Setelah tahun 1972, NCPI naik rata-rata 16% sampai 1975, (dengan puncak 19% pada tahun 1974 dan 25,9% pada tahun 1975). The NCPI pada tahun 1974 dan 1975 tampaknya telah disebabkan oleh masalah makanan berat yang berlaku pada paruh kedua tahun 1973. NFPI mencapai setinggi 35,0% pada tahun 1974 dan 30,6% pada tahun 1975. Pertumbuhan ekonomi Tanzania telah menunjukkan tren menentu seperti mencatat tingkat pertumbuhan PDB rata-rata sekitar 3% antara tahun 1991 dan 2000, tingkat pertumbuhan PDB pada tahun 1992 hanya 0,584%, sedangkan tarif pada tahun 1996 dan 2000 adalah 4,6% dan 5,1% masing-masing (Odhiambo, 2011).
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