reduction of growth productivity, fourth one is through reducing of ma terjemahan - reduction of growth productivity, fourth one is through reducing of ma Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

reduction of growth productivity, f

reduction of growth productivity, fourth one is through reducing of marginal productivity of capital and fifth one by reduction of the effective utilization of human capital. All these channels are primarily connected with corporate and labor taxes. This fact is confirmed by the generally known fact about distorting effects of taxes, which affect the behaviour of economic agents not only through the above-mentioned levels.
Probably the most discussed question within the empirical studies is the link between econom-ic growth, corporate tax, and investment- and capital-activity. Tax policy mainly determines the method of corporations financing. The funds for further investments can be gained either through new equity, retained earnings or debt. High tax rates reduce corporate profits and thus the possibility of a subsequent reinvestment. International movement of capital enables simple selection of investments allocation. For small open economies which are mostly investment recipient the high taxation can be a competitive problem. Becker, Fuest and Riedel (2012) meas-ured the relative importance of quality and quantity effects of corporate taxation on foreign direct investment. They conclude that booth effects of corporate tax have a negative impact on foreign direct investment. Effects of changes of tax rates on intensive investments were engaged by e.g. Devereux (2007) and De Mooij and Ederveen (2003). In their work they conclude that this type of investment is more sensitive to the changes in laws with focus on taxes and the aver-age tax rate, and is more flexible than standard investments.

Analyses by Buettner and Ruf (2007) or Buettner and Wamser (2006) show that corporate taxes affect both the extent and location of international investment. Keuschnigg (2008) creates a model of monopolistic competitive industry with extensive and intensive investments and show how marginal changes of these investments reacts to changes on average and marginal corporate tax rates. Lanaspa, Pueyo and Sanz (2008) point to the possibility that governments can influ-ence FDI location decisions of firms through capital tax rates. They confirm the general conclu-sion that countries with lower tax burdens are FDI net recipients. Mutti and Grubert (2004) deal with the impact of taxes on the horizontally integrated international organizations which are considering foreign investment. They conclude that foreign investment is sensitive to the host country tax rates and this sensitivity is greater in developing than in developed countries and increases over time.

For the extended neoclassical growth model it is also necessary to mention approaches concern-ing the analysis of the impact of corporate taxation on technological progress and investment to the human capital. The theoretical and empirical literature dealing with this issue is not so ex-tensive. Opinions on these issues are different. A clear influence of corporate taxes has not been fully empirically validated, e.g. Tremblay (2010) points to the absence of a neutral relationship between corporate taxes and investment to the human capital. In his study he comments nega-tive relationship after adhering employee and company investing to the human capital and posi-tive relationship after adhering only company investment to the human capital. According Lin

(2001) if we look at this issue from the perspective of public finance or tax revenues respectively, there is a positive correlation between economic growth and taxation. Zeng and Zhang (2001) discuss the growth effects of taxes by using of the growth model according Howitt (1999), where are innovation the main sources of growth. The authors confirmed their findings that taxes on capital income are harmful for growth because they discourage formation of savings and capital investment. The results suggest that the technologically advanced countries, where innovation
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reduction of growth productivity, fourth one is through reducing of marginal productivity of capital and fifth one by reduction of the effective utilization of human capital. All these channels are primarily connected with corporate and labor taxes. This fact is confirmed by the generally known fact about distorting effects of taxes, which affect the behaviour of economic agents not only through the above-mentioned levels.Probably the most discussed question within the empirical studies is the link between econom-ic growth, corporate tax, and investment- and capital-activity. Tax policy mainly determines the method of corporations financing. The funds for further investments can be gained either through new equity, retained earnings or debt. High tax rates reduce corporate profits and thus the possibility of a subsequent reinvestment. International movement of capital enables simple selection of investments allocation. For small open economies which are mostly investment recipient the high taxation can be a competitive problem. Becker, Fuest and Riedel (2012) meas-ured the relative importance of quality and quantity effects of corporate taxation on foreign direct investment. They conclude that booth effects of corporate tax have a negative impact on foreign direct investment. Effects of changes of tax rates on intensive investments were engaged by e.g. Devereux (2007) and De Mooij and Ederveen (2003). In their work they conclude that this type of investment is more sensitive to the changes in laws with focus on taxes and the aver-age tax rate, and is more flexible than standard investments.Analyses by Buettner and Ruf (2007) or Buettner and Wamser (2006) show that corporate taxes affect both the extent and location of international investment. Keuschnigg (2008) creates a model of monopolistic competitive industry with extensive and intensive investments and show how marginal changes of these investments reacts to changes on average and marginal corporate tax rates. Lanaspa, Pueyo and Sanz (2008) point to the possibility that governments can influ-ence FDI location decisions of firms through capital tax rates. They confirm the general conclu-sion that countries with lower tax burdens are FDI net recipients. Mutti and Grubert (2004) deal with the impact of taxes on the horizontally integrated international organizations which are considering foreign investment. They conclude that foreign investment is sensitive to the host country tax rates and this sensitivity is greater in developing than in developed countries and increases over time.For the extended neoclassical growth model it is also necessary to mention approaches concern-ing the analysis of the impact of corporate taxation on technological progress and investment to the human capital. The theoretical and empirical literature dealing with this issue is not so ex-tensive. Opinions on these issues are different. A clear influence of corporate taxes has not been fully empirically validated, e.g. Tremblay (2010) points to the absence of a neutral relationship between corporate taxes and investment to the human capital. In his study he comments nega-tive relationship after adhering employee and company investing to the human capital and posi-tive relationship after adhering only company investment to the human capital. According Lin(2001) if we look at this issue from the perspective of public finance or tax revenues respectively, there is a positive correlation between economic growth and taxation. Zeng and Zhang (2001) discuss the growth effects of taxes by using of the growth model according Howitt (1999), where are innovation the main sources of growth. The authors confirmed their findings that taxes on capital income are harmful for growth because they discourage formation of savings and capital investment. The results suggest that the technologically advanced countries, where innovation
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Penurunan produktivitas pertumbuhan, keempat adalah melalui pengurangan produktivitas marjinal modal dan seperlima oleh pengurangan pemanfaatan yang efektif dari sumber daya manusia. Semua saluran ini terutama berhubungan dengan pajak perusahaan dan tenaga kerja. Fakta ini dikonfirmasi oleh fakta umum diketahui tentang mendistorsi efek dari pajak, yang mempengaruhi perilaku agen ekonomi tidak hanya melalui tingkat yang disebutkan di atas.
Mungkin pertanyaan yang paling dibahas dalam studi empiris adalah hubungan antara pertumbuhan ekonom-ic, perusahaan pajak, dan investment dan modal-aktivitas. Kebijakan pajak terutama menentukan metode pembiayaan korporasi. Dana untuk investasi lebih lanjut dapat diperoleh baik melalui ekuitas baru, laba ditahan atau utang. Tarif pajak yang tinggi mengurangi keuntungan perusahaan dan dengan demikian kemungkinan reinvestasi berikutnya. Gerakan modal internasional memungkinkan pilihan sederhana alokasi investasi. Untuk perekonomian terbuka kecil yang sebagian besar penerima investasi perpajakan yang tinggi dapat menjadi masalah yang kompetitif. Becker, Fuest dan Riedel (2012) meas-ured relatif pentingnya kualitas dan kuantitas efek dari pajak perusahaan investasi asing langsung. Mereka menyimpulkan bahwa efek stan pajak perusahaan memiliki dampak negatif pada investasi asing langsung. Efek dari perubahan tarif pajak pada investasi intensif dilibatkan oleh misalnya Devereux (2007) dan De Mooij dan Ederveen (2003). Dalam pekerjaan mereka mereka menyimpulkan bahwa jenis investasi lebih sensitif terhadap perubahan dalam hukum dengan fokus pada pajak dan tarif pajak aver usia, dan lebih fleksibel daripada investasi standar. Analisis oleh Buettner dan Ruf (2007) atau Buettner dan Wamser (2006) menunjukkan bahwa pajak korporasi mempengaruhi baik luas dan lokasi investasi internasional. Keuschnigg (2008) menciptakan model industri yang kompetitif monopoli dengan investasi yang luas dan intensif dan menunjukkan bagaimana perubahan marjinal investasi ini bereaksi terhadap perubahan tarif pajak perusahaan rata-rata dan marjinal. Lanaspa, Pueyo dan Sanz (2008) menunjukkan kemungkinan bahwa pemerintah dapat influ-ence keputusan lokasi FDI dari perusahaan melalui tarif pajak modal. Mereka mengkonfirmasi umum conclu-sion bahwa negara-negara dengan beban pajak yang lebih rendah adalah penerima bersih FDI. Mutti dan Grubert (2004) kesepakatan dengan dampak pajak pada organisasi internasional horizontal terpadu yang mempertimbangkan investasi asing. Mereka menyimpulkan bahwa investasi asing sensitif terhadap tarif pajak negara tuan rumah dan sensitivitas ini lebih besar dalam mengembangkan dibandingkan di negara maju dan meningkat dari waktu ke waktu. Untuk model pertumbuhan neoklasik diperpanjang perlu juga untuk menyebutkan pendekatan kekhawatiran-ing analisis dampak perpajakan perusahaan pada kemajuan teknologi dan investasi untuk modal manusia. Literatur teoritis dan empiris berurusan dengan masalah ini tidak begitu mantan bersayap. Opini tentang masalah ini berbeda. Pengaruh yang jelas dari pajak perusahaan belum sepenuhnya secara empiris divalidasi, misalnya Tremblay (2010) poin tidak adanya hubungan antara netral pajak perusahaan dan investasi untuk modal manusia. Dalam studinya dia komentar hubungan nega-tive setelah mengikuti karyawan dan perusahaan investasi untuk modal manusia dan hubungan posi-tive setelah mengikuti hanya investasi perusahaan untuk modal manusia. Menurut Lin (2001) jika kita melihat masalah ini dari perspektif pendapatan keuangan publik atau pajak masing-masing, ada korelasi positif antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan perpajakan. Zeng dan Zhang (2001) membahas efek pertumbuhan pajak dengan menggunakan model pertumbuhan menurut Howitt (1999), di mana inovasi sumber utama pertumbuhan. Para penulis menegaskan temuan mereka bahwa pajak atas pendapatan modal berbahaya bagi pertumbuhan karena mereka mencegah pembentukan tabungan dan investasi modal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa negara-negara berteknologi maju, di mana inovasi






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