Still, to say that resistance is inevitable and legitimate, that parad terjemahan - Still, to say that resistance is inevitable and legitimate, that parad Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Still, to say that resistance is in

Still, to say that resistance is inevitable and legitimate, that paradigm change cannot be justified by proof, is not to say that no arguments are relevant or that scientists cannot be persuaded to change their minds. Though a generation is sometimes required to effect the change, scientific communities have again and again been converted to new paradigms. Furthermore, these conversions occur not despite the fact that scientists are human but because they are. Though some scientists, particularly the older and more experienced ones, may resist indefinitely, most of them can be reached in one way or another. Conversions will occur a few at a time until, after the last hold-outs have died, the whole profession will again be practicing under a single, but now a different, paradigm. We must there-fore ask how conversion is induced and how resisted.

What sort of answer to that question may we expect? Just because it is asked about techniques of persuasion, or about argument and counterargument in a situation in which there can be no proof, our question is a new one, demanding a sort of study that has not previously been undertaken. We shall have to settle for a very partial and impressionistic survey. In addition, what has already been said combines with the result of that survey to suggest that, when asked about persuasion rather than proof, the question of the nature of scientific argument has no single or uniform answer. Individual scientists embrace a new paradigm for all sorts of reasons and usually for several at once. Some of these reasons-for example, the sun worship that helped make Kepler a Copernican-lie outside the apparent sphere of science entirely.


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Still, to say that resistance is inevitable and legitimate, that paradigm change cannot be justified by proof, is not to say that no arguments are relevant or that scientists cannot be persuaded to change their minds. Though a generation is sometimes required to effect the change, scientific communities have again and again been converted to new paradigms. Furthermore, these conversions occur not despite the fact that scientists are human but because they are. Though some scientists, particularly the older and more experienced ones, may resist indefinitely, most of them can be reached in one way or another. Conversions will occur a few at a time until, after the last hold-outs have died, the whole profession will again be practicing under a single, but now a different, paradigm. We must there-fore ask how conversion is induced and how resisted.What sort of answer to that question may we expect? Just because it is asked about techniques of persuasion, or about argument and counterargument in a situation in which there can be no proof, our question is a new one, demanding a sort of study that has not previously been undertaken. We shall have to settle for a very partial and impressionistic survey. In addition, what has already been said combines with the result of that survey to suggest that, when asked about persuasion rather than proof, the question of the nature of scientific argument has no single or uniform answer. Individual scientists embrace a new paradigm for all sorts of reasons and usually for several at once. Some of these reasons-for example, the sun worship that helped make Kepler a Copernican-lie outside the apparent sphere of science entirely. 152
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Namun, untuk mengatakan resistensi yang tidak bisa dihindari dan sah, bahwa perubahan paradigma tidak dapat dibenarkan oleh bukti, bukan berarti bahwa tidak ada argumen relevan atau bahwa para ilmuwan tidak dapat dibujuk untuk mengubah pikiran mereka. Meskipun generasi kadang-kadang diperlukan untuk efek perubahan, masyarakat ilmiah memiliki lagi dan lagi telah dikonversi ke paradigma baru. Selanjutnya, konversi ini terjadi tidak terlepas dari fakta bahwa para ilmuwan adalah manusia tetapi karena mereka. Meskipun beberapa ilmuwan, terutama yang lebih tua dan lebih berpengalaman, mungkin menolak tanpa batas waktu, kebanyakan dari mereka dapat dicapai dalam satu atau lain cara. Konversi akan terjadi beberapa pada suatu waktu sampai, setelah terus-beluk terakhir telah meninggal, seluruh profesi akan kembali berlatih di bawah satu, tapi sekarang berbeda, paradigma. Kita harus ada-kedepan bertanya bagaimana konversi diinduksi dan bagaimana menolak.

Seperti apa jawaban atas pertanyaan yang mungkin kita harapkan? Hanya karena ditanya tentang teknik persuasi, atau sekitar argumen dan kontra dalam situasi di mana tidak ada bukti, pertanyaan kita adalah yang baru, menuntut semacam studi yang sebelumnya belum pernah dilakukan. Kita harus puas dengan survei sangat parsial dan impresionistik. Selain itu, apa yang telah dikatakan menggabungkan dengan hasil survei yang menunjukkan bahwa, ketika ditanya tentang persuasi daripada bukti, pertanyaan tentang sifat argumen ilmiah tidak memiliki jawaban tunggal atau seragam. Ilmuwan individu merangkul paradigma baru untuk segala macam alasan dan biasanya untuk beberapa sekaligus. Beberapa alasan-untuk ini misalnya, penyembahan matahari yang membantu membuat Kepler sebuah Copernican-lie luar lingkup jelas ilmu seluruhnya.


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